Fjlksahfjksdhfkdf

The dominant thumb experiment is used to observe the correlation between handedness and thumb dominance and whether one inherited trait will always influences another correlated trait. Examples of this experiment of this can be traced back as far as 1908. In this experiment 50 people were asked to clasp their hands and the thumb dominance. Once the hands were clasped, one thumb would tutorial overlap the other and the handedness of each subject was noted.The hypothesis of the experiment is that when people clasp their hands, the thumb of the dominant hand may overlap the thumb of the non-dominant hand. In 1999, a scientist by the name of Regis completed 18 studies of parents and their children to find that 55% of the population are left-hand-clappers (therefore right-handed), 44% are right-hand-clappers (left-handed), and the remaining 1% report that they have no reference or are indifferent (ambidextrous).It also states, familial data suggest that hand-clasping may be under genetic control†. Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to study the correlation between thumb dominance and handedness. Hypothesis If an individual is right-handed the right thumb will be dominant when the hands are clasped. If the individual is left handed then the left thumb will be dominant the hands are clasped together. Procedures Equipment Used 50 Volunteers Pen

Analysis of Arguments for and Against the Institutions

The Bretton Woods twins, namely the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, have been the focus of attention for several years already since its inception. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development has been changed to its presently popular name of World Bank. It is the aim of this paper to make a general presentation and evaluation of the argument posed for and against the Bretton Woods institutions in relation to their influence on the sovereign decision making process of the different countries in the global economic arena.During its creation, the IMF and the World Bank has been absorbed with practices of neoliberal economy policies that sought to liberalize the market from the state and minimize government intervention in the premise that â€Å"the state itself was conceived as the problem rather than the solution† (Onis and Senses 2005: 264). It has been clearly pointed out by Onis and Senses (2005) that th e effects of strict adherence to the neoliberal practices proposed by the Bretton Woods institutions have led to problems for a lot of countries.Among them is Argentina who has fallen suddenly at the peak of its swing (Onis and Senses 2005). This was followed by a shift of the Bretton Woods institutions to rethinking the neoliberal practices they have imposed as a tight rope to the countries they have bestowed with different programmes. However, it is still stained with uncertainty as to whether their sincerity is real or not in the light of their actions (Onis and Senses 2005: 280).The arguments posed by the authors, Onis and Senses (2005), have been followed by concrete examples from countries that have adopted the neoliberal approaches hailed to be good by the Bretton Woods institutions but did not directly provide as to how and why there were failures on the part of the Bretton Woods institutions than what Stiglitz (2003) had done. Another counter-argument thrown towards the IMF , in particular, is its failure in the East Asian Crisis.It has not adhered to the objectives originally formulated by Keynes when it had begun, which was to adopt policies that are expansionary in nature and to provide for funding to developmental undertakings (Stiglitz, 2003). In fact, they have provided for policies that have been contractionary fiscal policies that either involved reducing public spending, increase in taxes, or adopting both. With regard to objectives, this argument stated by Stiglitz is valid for it has stated the whys of the failure of IMF with regard to objectives.The author also provided the answer to the question â€Å"how† by stating that the IMF has been accountable to a single stream of representatives, who are in turn becoming less and less accountable (Stiglitz 2003: 119). A good argument placed upon the World Bank has something to do with the fact that it has been able to learn from the mistakes of the IMF and was able to discuss the problems t hat have beset their organization (Stiglitz 2003). The World Bank, unlike the IMF, was accountable to a lot of sectors and, with its leaders, was able to discuss the problems and criticisms that have been pushed their way (Stiglitz 2003).This approach by the World Bank was better than the actions of the IMF, who actually blamed the governments for poor implementation. However, with regard to the aids given by the Bank to the developing countries, there are certain conditions such as policies that would pave the way for the success of the aid given (Stiglitz 2003: 124). Thus, this has rendered the aid more selective. These are among the several arguments placed and there is more coming from the different fields in the academe. These criticisms only show that the institutions formed Bretton Woods left some more room for improvement.In addition to this, these arguments have shown that the courses of action taken by these institutions had impacts that are felt by both the developing and the developed countries. References Onis, Z. and Senses, F. (2005), ‘Re-thinking the Emerging Post-Washington Consensus. ’ Development and Change 36, (2) 263-290. Stiglitz, J. (2003), ‘Democratizing the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank: Governance and Accountability. ’ Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 16, (1) 111-139.

Coke & Pepsi in india Essay

Q1) Identify the issues that are going on in this case with respect to issues management, crisis management, global business ethics, and stakeholder management. Rank these in terms of their order of priorities for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Q 2) Evaluate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of Coke and Pepsi in India. Q 3) Are these companies ignoring their responsibilities in India? Or is something else at work? Q 4) why does it seem that Coke has become a larger and more frequent target than Pepsi in India? Did having and Indian born CEO help Pepsi’s case? Q5. How do companies protect themselves against non-stop allegations from special interest groups that have made them a target? Q 6) What should the companies have done differently in 2003 to address the water allegations? What should the company now do as it moves forward? Q 7) what lessons does this case present for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace? The following lessons can be learned from this case for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace: Coke & Pepsi in India Q1) Identify the issues that are going on in this case with respect to issues management, crisis management, global business ethics, and stakeholder management. Rank these in terms of their order of priorities for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Q 2) Evaluate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of Coke and Pepsi in India. Q 3) Are these companies ignoring their responsibilities in India? Or is something else at work? Q 4) why does it seem that Coke has become a larger and more frequent target than Pepsi in India? Did having and Indian born CEO help Pepsi’s case? Q5. How do companies protect themselves against non-stop allegations from special interest groups that have made them a target? Q 6) What should the companies have done differently in 2003 to address the water allegations? What should the company now do as it moves forward? Q 7) what lessons does this case present for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace? The following lessons can be learned from this case for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace: Coke & Pepsi in India Q1) Identify the issues that are going on in this case with respect to issues management, crisis management, global business ethics, and stakeholder management. Rank these in terms of their order of priorities for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Q 2) Evaluate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of Coke and Pepsi in India. Q 3) Are these companies ignoring their responsibilities in India? Or is something else at work? Q 4) why does it seem that Coke has become a larger and more frequent target than Pepsi in India? Did having and Indian born CEO help Pepsi’s case? Q5. How do companies protect themselves against non-stop allegations from special interest groups that have made them a target? Q 6) What should the companies have done differently in 2003 to address the water allegations? What should the company now do as it moves forward? Q 7) what lessons does this case present for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace? The following lessons can be learned from this case for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace: Coke & Pepsi in India Q1) Identify the issues that are going on in this case with respect to issues management, crisis management, global business ethics, and stakeholder management. Rank these in terms of their order of priorities for Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Q 2) Evaluate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of Coke and Pepsi in India. Q 3) Are these companies ignoring their responsibilities in India? Or is something else at work? Q 4) why does it seem that Coke has become a larger and more frequent target than Pepsi in India? Did having and Indian born CEO help Pepsi’s case? Q5. How do companies protect themselves against non-stop allegations from special interest groups that have made them a target? Q 6) What should the companies have done differently in 2003 to address the water allegations? What should the company now do as it moves forward? Q 7) what lessons does this case present for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace? The following lessons can be learned from this case for MNC’s doing business in the global marketplace:

The Competitive Global Market and Change Research Paper

The Competitive Global Market and Change - Research Paper Example Moreover, the report will also attempt to identify the benefits or drawbacks witnessed by Apple and its employees due to the affect of globalisation. Different Countries Involved Besides, its headquarters in United States, Apple majorly operates in various other countries, such as United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Canada, Italy, China, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, France and Netherlands among others. More than 350 Apple stores are established all over the countries across the world (Apple Inc, 2012). Thus, its focus on the development of supply chains and major partners in the business is necessary in order to maintain sustainability in the global markets. Utilization of Outsourcing In the late 2000s, Apple decided to outsource its products from various countries where raw materials are available at cheaper rates. The motive behind outsourcing is to earn significant margin of profit while experimenting in developing creative products. A report by New York Times revealed that 90 perce nt of raw materials used in Apple’s iPhones are manufactured abroad and are outsourced. Major sections, such as display panels and circuitry from Taiwan and Korea, advanced semiconductors from Germany, chipsets from Europe, memory from Japan and Korea and uncommon metals from Asia and Africa which are later assembled and packaged in China. Technological companies depend upon the availability of low-cost materials and therefore, focus on countries that provide the advantage. The outsourcing strategy gained the momentum of growth and subsequently, Apple earned a considerable amount of profit strengthening its foothold in the global markets (Duhigg & Bradsher, 2012). Benefits of Globalisation Similar to many other multinational companies, Apple has benefitted by a large extent due to globalisation. The company shifted most of its production unit jobs to countries where cheaper workforces are available along with legal support and favourable economic conditions. This has been evi dent by a report that revealed only 13,920 employees are associated with the company’s US based plant compared to 27,250 employees working at other countries, i.e. nearly twice more than US. The report further revealed that the American employees took over approximately US $750 million whereas; workers employed abroad took only US $320 million. Thus, the comparison in cost related to wages can be identified as almost double in US compared to abroad (Freeland, 2011). Globalisation has also resulted in the inflow of creative talents from across the world, to which the company gives prime importance. The incredible talents in Apple are encouraged in various ways to develop products that are unique in its class acting as a ‘trend setter’ in the industry. These engineers earn healthy paycheques from the company which are being supported by the cheap costs incurred by the bottom-line employees working abroad (Freeland, 2011). Drawbacks Due to Globalisation Steve Jobsâ €™ main target behind the incorporation of Apple was to become the leader of the industry in terms of creative products. His aim was to dominate the market in regards to sales and have a partially monopolistic environment prevailing in the global markets. However, due to globalisation many competitor brands have used the strategy of manufacturing abroad and reap equal benefits in terms of cheap labour and raw materials. Therefore, the

Freshmen year student retention in STEM major at university using Thesis

Freshmen year student retention in STEM major at university using Quality tools - Thesis Example This method was preferred because it provided a link between the theoretical perspectives and research purpose and the data collected was to give findings to research. The target population was the students and members of staffs of City University of New York, New York. They were to be divided into different categories depending on their level in the college as shown in the table below. The researcher used stratified random sampling which involved taking the population frame and dividing it into different strata. The strata consisted of units of homogeneous nature. Each stratum was marked so as to differentiate it from others and avoid cases of overlap. This data is collected first time whether directly or indirectly in character and shape of raw materials. This was a major instrument in data collection as the questionnaires were to be short and open ended as deemed necessary by the researcher. The questionnaires were to be physically presented or administered to the sample population in the institution. The respondents were required to give a brief explanation on their opinions. Those students and staffs who needed assistance in filling in the questionnaire were to be assisted by the researcher. The research first and foremost sought to get authority from the management of the university for the collection of the data, and with the authority granted, I made an appointment with the college registrar for the analysis of the available records such as students’ records, hostels location, class timetables etc. The research also sought to get data from different sources like publications by private individuals, different journals and periodicals. Data collected through the various methods was to be complied, analyzed and the data presented in terms of percentage. Data presentation should be in tables, pie charts and bar graphs. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Qualitative method refers to the

Religion Or Mythology In Greek Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion Or Mythology In Greek Culture - Essay Example There are two main types of myths in Greek culture; the divine myths that deals with the gods, their origins as well as actions, and heroic myths that are based on human actions. From these myths, one can affirm that Greeks valued life. They also believed in living their life to the fullest since they disregarded death as part of life (Sailors 7). Greeks also value specific people in the society. This is evidenced by their carving of imperishable legends that did magnificent things while they were alive. In other words, they carved their legends as one way of pursuing fame. In connection with this, it is apparent that some of the Greek myths influenced the lifestyle of youths. The myths were models of human excellence, and as a result of this, Greek youths emulates them. Greeks greatly admire strength, beauty as well as intelligence. The value of these elements is evidenced by their myth that grants men the power of measuring all things. In tandem with this, it is the nature of the G reeks to have a man deciding on almost all things in life. In conclusion, religion and mythology play a significant role in the Greek society. Religion enabled Greeks to communicate their experiences despite being made up of different religious practices. Apart from acting as self-representation of the Greek community, Greek religion served as a unifying factor. Greek myths show that Greeks valued life as well as specific people in the society. The involvement of religion in everything done in Greece led to the unification of the Greek’s religious culture.

Meeting the need for large family homes in mixed tenure estates with Essay

Meeting the need for large family homes in mixed tenure estates with little equity and poor quality existing housing - Essay Example ew of this need, there is a greater challenge in meeting the need for large family homes in mixed tenure estates with little equity and poor quality existing housing. The Council has a plan of developing up to 365,600 houses by 2026 to address this problem having studied the current need and the population growth rate. In 2007, the UK government issued a policy statement on â€Å"Building a Greener Future† which envisioned the construction of zero carbon homes from 2016. The approach to zero carbon homes is based on the following key points: high energy efficiency, direct heat connection or minimal carbon reduction onsite and offsite solutions for countering other emissions. Birmingham City Council’s policy on housing regeneration and development finds its roots upon this reality. This calls for the development of housing plans that will ensure minimal environmental degradation. Buildings, according to government surveys, are responsible for up to 50% of UK’s carbon emissions and energy consumption with homes currently accounting for 27%. From these figures, it is beyond doubt that homes contribute significantly to global climate change. Energy consumption and carbon emission levels can significantly be reduced by making improvements to energy performance and utilisation in homes. This can also be reduced by installing efficient certified air conditioning systems in homes which should be regularly inspected to ensure they meet regulatory requirements. Heating water in tanks is known to greatly increase the amount of energy used in homes. Water heaters installed in homes should be instant (tankless) heaters as opposed to traditional heaters which have tanks. In general, families need to have awareness of how to use energy efficiently and by installing equipments which have automated control systems. During construction, design, and installation considerations must be taken into account. Only efficient models of heating equipments and energy consuming

OPERATION MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

OPERATION MANAGEMENT - Essay Example It was necessary to determine if it was still efficient as the company had to undergo numerous changes. Liang understood that it was essential to consider the issues, which would help impact the organization’s strategy and achievement. It was obvious that all the changes should have been made with a long-term orientation. The important issue was to determine, whether the strategy is commensurable with the combination of original equipment manufacturing, original brand manufacturing and original design manufacturing, whether the success of original brand manufacturing business in the international market can impact original equipment manufacturing negatively. The new markets offered new opportunities but also a great number of challenges, the main of which was cultural differences. Thus it was necessary to provide the corresponding quality of service in order to meet the requirements of all the customers in the new market and to cut prices to gain competitive

Evaluation of Open Source Operating System Assignment

Evaluation of Open Source Operating System - Assignment Example There are also companies who concentrate their efforts on open source software like Sun and IBM who consider the open source systems as an opportunity to undermine the monopoly of Microsoft in the computer software. The third group of users is public institutions and government agencies especially in Europe who consider the use of open source systems as a viable alternative for US technology and because of the increased safety and security that can be built in the open source systems.  There are also companies who concentrate their efforts on open source software like Sun and IBM who consider the open source systems as an opportunity to undermine the monopoly of Microsoft in the computer software. The third group of users is public institutions and government agencies especially in Europe who consider the use of open source systems as a viable alternative for US technology and because of the increased safety and security that can be built in the open source systems.  Definition a nd Functions of Open source Systems (OSS) Originally at the time of initial developments, the software was known as ‘free software’ as defined by the GNU project. The term ‘open source’ has been coined later and according to Stallman it is an attempt to express the same kind of concept as that of free software but with a more prudent and palatable approach. The functions of OSS include:(a) Facilitating and monitoring user interface(b) Effective job management to save computer usage time(c) Efficient task management to act as an aid to facilitate multi-task completions(d) Efficient data management to accommodate more volume of data  (e) Better device management for an efficient handling of the associated hardware and(f) Ensuring the security of data which is the foremost requirement of any efficient operating system.

What role does Lex Mercatoria Play in international commercial Essay

What role does Lex Mercatoria Play in international commercial contracts - Essay Example XX century was marked by the rapid surge in international economic relations, which led to an increase of the world trade volume and accelerated the trade turnover between partners from different countries. But amid the dynamic changes of relations in the international commercial turnover, the legal regulation of these relations did not undergo a radical transformation. Such means as collision and substantive rules of national legislation of parties in dispute or the provisions of international contracts were traditionally used. However, in recent years the existence of a certain group of relations, which regulation goes beyond the specified levels, manifested itself. These are relations developing in the process of international trade implementation. Trade has always been a key element in international relations. Due to trade, the exchange of knowledge, customs and traditions among different peoples occurred. Trade also encouraged the development of other economic activities (e.g., banking, insurance and so on.) Any actively developing phenomena require adequate regulation; otherwise, it is impossible to achieve the objectives, pursued by members of the international commercial trade. In this case, the mechanism of regulation must meet, on the one hand, the interests of the market, and, on the other - the needs of the participants of trade relations (Selden, 1995). Objective reality of today is the inability of national legislations to fully resolve the whole range of problems, arising in the process of international commercial

The Circulatory System and It's Importance Essay

The Circulatory System and It's Importance - Essay Example Because of what it does for man, the circulatory system can also be considered the most important one. Without the circulatory system, man will not be able to live. People usually associate the circulatory system with blood and they are not mistaken. In the most basic sense, the job of the circulatory system is to ensure that blood moves around inside man’s body, supplying the nutrients needed in order for all the parts of the body to function properly. While the blood carries the oxygen and nutrients to the body, it also collects the carbon dioxide from the same. If there is no proper flow of blood, the organs in the body will not be able to function well. The circulatory system can be divided into three parts: pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation and systemic circulation. The heart, lungs and bloods vessels are the major organs in each of these parts. Each individual part has its own unique process of blood circulation. â€Å"The successful circulation of each part r esults to an efficient distribution of blood throughout the body.† (Body) The heart The central organ in the circulatory process is the heart. Composed of four chambers that are divided by a wall, this muscle pushes 2,000 gallons of blood containing oxygen and nutrients into the body. (Dowshen) The heart sends the blood out through its pumping motion. â€Å"It beats about 100,000 times a day, more than 30 million times per year, and about 2.5 billion times in a 70-year lifetime (Dowshen).† The speed of the heart’s pumps depends on the kind of activity the body does. It pumps slower when the body is at rest and faster when the body is in motion. This is because man uses up more energy when immersed in activity. Energy comes from oxygen and oxygen comes from blood. The source of oxygen-rich blood is the heart. The four chambers of the heart can be grouped into two; namely, the upper and lower. The upper chamber or left and right atria receive the blood which has pa ssed through the different organs in the body. On the other hand, the heart releases the blood to be used from the lower chamber or left and right ventricles. Two cardiac valves separate the bottom part of the heart from the blood vessels that allow blood to the rest of the body. The pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery which goes to the lungs. The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta. The heart also has two major arteries which in turn gives blood to the heart. The right coronary artery allows blood into the right atrium, right ventricle and the bottom part of the right and left ventricle. In contrast, the left coronary artery pumps blood to the left atrium and the left ventricle. Because of the heart’s function in supplying blood, it can be said that the heart is the most important organ in the circulatory system. The blood vessels Blood moves around the body through three groups of blood vessels. Aside from those which deliver and release blood to and from the heart, there are also blood vessels responsible for distributing blood throughout the body and bringing blood back to the heart. The first group of blood vessels can be found in the heart. When leaving the heart, blood flows through two arteries. The aorta is the thickest blood vessel and carries blood with oxygen to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery, on the other hand, delivers blood to the lungs which converts oxygen-poor blood into oxygen-rich blood for the body to use. The second group of blood ve

The Role of Women in Arthurian Romances Essay Example for Free

The Role of Women in Arthurian Romances Essay It is a popular format that a woman is the lead character in contemporary romances. But not in stories form the middle ages. They are typically dominated by men and women are but damsels in distress. Kings and knights are more likely the words that come to mind when discussing about stories from the middle ages. Also, the middle ages is an era known for gender bias against women. They were usually depicted as helpless damsels in distress in need of help from a knight. Even the women of high status such as queens are portrayed with weakness in character and dependency on men. A kingdom is a male dominated-social setting, that’s why they are aptly called king-dom. Women have been mistreated as man’s property during this time. They were treated as rewards for battles and can be used for payment of a man’s debt. Of course, it is a usual observation that women are obviously not more glorified than men in these stories. Some were portrayed unfaithful and impure. It is easy to conclude that the women were mere companions and damsels-in-distress. In many cases, these women were subjected to violence and exploitation. In some occasions, some women were even treated as property by men that can be used as payment for a man’s debt (Gravdal 141). In â€Å"The Knight with the Lion†, thirty of the fairest maidens, each year, were used as payment for a young king’s freedom (Troyes 270). In Arthurian romances, women are given roles that differ from typical middle age stories. The roles maybe different, but all are crucial in Arthurian romances (Fester 59-61). Women are more empowered and are given much important roles in the stories. They are more evenly distributed within the plot. In Chretien de Troyes’ â€Å"The Knight of the Cart†, a woman is always present and interacting with the hero, Lancelot, in every scene. In â€Å"The Knight and the Lion†, of the same author, all of Yvain’s knightly deeds were requests from maidens. A very logical speculation why Chretien de Troyes depicted women in such an empowered manner is because he dedicated these stories to a woman, to Marie, countess of Champagne. The countess was a patron of his works at that time. She supplied him some sources for the stories. (Troyes 170) The presence of women in Arthurian romances highlighted the knight’s admirable courtesy to women. There is an instance in â€Å"The Knight in the Cart† that Lancelot was seduced by a woman to sleep with her. He refused the offer because he was focused on his quest to rescue Guinevere (Troyes 87). A knight seems to always help a maiden without question. In this sense, women have some sort of authority over men. In the first part of â€Å"The Knights of the Cart†, Kay announced that he wanted to leave court. King Arthur begged him to him not to go, but failed. King Arthur asked Queen Guinevere for help. We can see that the king feels powerless in this particular situation. He has no person in mind that can help him in this dilemma other than Queen Guinevere (Troyes 171). With this, Chretien de Troyes had already incorporated empowerment to Queen Guinevere’s character right from the very start of the story. The significance of women is probably most expressed in â€Å"The Knights of the Cart. † Queen Guinevere is probably the most popular among the women in the realm of Arthurian romances. Guinevere could be easily accused of being weak in character because she is very susceptible to being kidnapped. She was entangled in a love triangle with King Arthur and Lancelot and had easily fallen for Kay request of taking her with him that resulted to her abduction (Troyes 172). But being weak in character is very far from what is Guinevere’s role in this story. She has a certain power over the king that he asks her opinion about issues. She has also unexplainably, if not for the word â€Å"love†, inspired the knight Lancelot into a quest wherein no ordinary man can accomplish. Lancelot was finding it hard to defeat Meleagant in a swordfight. But when he took sight of Guinevere, he fought with renewed energy and defeated his opponent. There are some instances that Lancelot was on the brink of giving up his quest. But when he thinks of Guinevere, he is renewed with strength and determination (Fenster 229-34). I a certain angle, we can view Guinevere’s affair with Lancelot as a form of woman empowerment. King Arthur, like most kings, had taken other women after Guinevere. What she did was only giving justice to what his husband did. She didn’t choose to be passive of what is happening.

Features of Java Operating System

Features of Java Operating System Introduction: When 1st java card details were issued, the card chips where 8 bits with a few hundred of bytes of RAM and a few kilo bytes of EEPROM. These sever constraints led the java card forum and Sun to issue a had lots of limitations compared to standard java. This specification does not specify and operating system but an execution environment that most player in the smart card industry is able to implement on top of his own proprietary operating system. The silicon market evolution seems to indicate that next generation products will be based on much more powerful machines (32bits, 64bits, RISC, cache are becoming common in chip category) the smart card industry, through the java card forum, has clearly indentified this evolution and has started initiatives like the java card 3.0 details process that aim to define upcoming version of java card adapted nest era of hardware with this hardware evolution, java has also evolved a lot. It is more limited to the desktop environment and is now present in both the server market with J2EE and in the embedded system market with J2ME. This evolution brought interesting feature to the java platform process for running long lived application are popular on the server side and less java subset applicable to categories of devices has been defined with J2ME configuration. The purpose of this assignment is to have overview of what can be considered now as the less java feature that can be integrated to modern smart card hardware and how these features that can be integrated to modern smart card hardware and how these features can be turned into a card operating system that cope with the smart card industry particular constraint like big production, personalization post issuance. The reason for targeting an operating system instead of an additional software layer like its done in the computer world with standard JDK is to use java as the unique hardware abstraction for applications without intermediate levels to reduce the workload and increase the efficiency. Features of Java Operating System: The java platform defined in different techniques the java VM (Virtual Machine) specification and the java language specification. In the context of operating system these techniques are only relevant at the running environment level. The selection of the java Operating System features is guided by the classical needs of OS. The coding, linking, running engine and memory management for the performance. Class file of Java: The class file is Java define in the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) specification as delivery format for the code of classed to load into a Java VM. This format is considered to be verbose and not compact, but it has some other properties that provide a maximum flexibility both for the development and for the code application update. Other formats such as the Java card 2.x Cap file or the JEFF file format are focusing on reducing file size using the command and techniques like linking information removal or file structure reorganization. These techniques have good result in size reduction but induce deployment constraints depending on the degree of size reduction for example a Cap file can be ten percent size of the equivalent set of class files, but it requires an off card conversion step for the developer and to maintain off card a database of linking information to perform card pre linking which is painful work for deployment and card management. We argue that on card class file processing that provides the same reduction ration as the JEFF conversion fifty percent reduction. The process explaining more detail in figure below. Since the load link operation occurs only once in the life times on the class, we think that the development benefits brought by loading standard class files are worth the effort of loading the class file in its entirety and applying an on board conversion process that enable to store in card memory a structure equivalent to fifty percent of the original class file size. One of the main industrial profits of choosing the class file and defining you own conversion process is that it gives freedom for differentiation most of the card manufacture can choose an internal format adapted to his own particular constraints. Engine Multithreaded Execution: the java platform has native support for multithreaded and synchronization and even in the lowest configuration defined for the embedded system market like CLDC, this help to maintained the one may think that for embedded and resource constrained devices the Support for the multithreading may be too heavy to be reasonable, well there are lots of reason to have multithreading support in the core of very small java operating system. The core reason is that it enables to write power application framework on top of the Operating System, in java without needing complex native modifications of the Operating System and its happen when the SIM Toolkit application model has been explained in java card. There are also lots of classical reasons to use threads that are briefly described in the literature. In limited devices like smart cards, memory such as the Virtual Machine implements must be carefully choose an efficient and resource helping implementation of the multithreading support. The existence of java application only on the top of java operating system collaborating with native code and not with native application like in a desktop computer seems to support a green thread like implementation rather than a native thread implementation. Java Memory Management: One of the interesting feature of Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is the automatically garbage collected heap that is used to allocate java objects when they are created, letting the burden of moving, compacting, freeing the memory to the system instead of the developer. This interesting feature was lacking in the java card specification and give the developer of complex applications to developer their own memory management routines within the application code, which is written in java, this disadvantage of java card to behave as an Operating System. The programs shouldnt handle such sensitive task. There are several types of garbage collectors but the ones that seem the more appropriate to smart card like environments are generational collector. This type of collector are well adapted to server like long lived application which is typically the case of smart card program. Actually the memory manage for the object instances is separate from the memory management of system data like description, threads, code, classes, objects. This normally leading toward the complexity, bigger footprint of the memory management and static segmentation of the memory. We are experimenting an alternative to such a split organization that is to use unified object oriented memory management and static segmentation of the memory. We are experimenting an alternative to such a split organization that is to use a unified object oriented memory manager that both types of programs and system objects, in this case most of the things in the system is an object including java objects instances, loaded, code, classes and every object in the system is subject to garbage collection. This memory management leads to easy management code which is then hopefully smaller and more robust. Different Application Models: Most of the earlier feature of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) describe above have common objective put in the Operating System the functionality that will make smaller and more efficient application. One great strength of java that was lost in java card and that we think must be reconsidered for next generation smart card Operating System is to be application model independent. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) doesnt clarify a particular application model, but gives all the core features that are necessary to build various successful frameworks such as applets, serves or RMI Objects. Configurations: The smart card program and system designers and developers have considerations that are very similar to the people working in the mass production embedded system devices market. How to debugging fast/safely the Operating System and the programs, how to build quickly a product configuration, and how to decline and Operating System in product range to leverage the investment. There is more, the smart card industry has his own particularities like for instance the need for personalization of every issued card with the holder information. Development Issues: The use of java is in itself the beginning of a solution for some of these problems, because of the wide range of products freely or commercially available to help designers and developers. But the high safety exigency on smart card products implies that maximum effort must be made on any tools that would allow the developers to operate in an environment as close as possible to the actual device. Debugging the code while it runs. Issues: Product issue and other tools are help in the production and personalize phase of the cards. The ROM intervenes at the production step, to generate the code to mask into the chips ROM. It is complemented by the memory serialize which is used to build memory images saves in files. It will be sent to the card at initialization and personalize time to build the right memory structure that will put the card in the right state. Such tools are usually difficult to write and to maintain, but these tasks can be greatly simplified using the introspection capabilities provided by the unified object oriented memory management introduce above. Integrated Operating System: A solution to minimize the cost of these tools is to build an operating system that includes them from the beginning, in a configurable manner, and that can be declined from the same set of sources in different editions adapted to the targeted device. Such a configurable Operating System is illustrated in the following figure. Feature Categories Developer edition of the Operating System would include any developer features like an embedded debugging interface based on the JPDA standard, a shell based console to administer the Operating System load remove classes, create threads. Such a complete edition would of course run on computer and on emulator only not on real cards. Another declination would be the post issuance enabled edition that would be the high end embeddable version of the Operating System, targeted for high end cards with post issuance facilities with a loader linker. On the other eternity would be the minimal edition, targeted for low end cards, without any post issuance capabilities, that would have a much smaller footprint. Conclusion: In this assignment we have highlighted some features of an embedded java Operating System suitable for next generation smart cards considered as java micro server platforms. Three important java Operating System characteristic have been explained class file format acquisition, multithreaded support and unified memory management. Their implementation has been shown feasible and their usage and advantages has been explained in the context of configurable card platform architecture. Thanks to tools such shell console, debugger, ROMizer and Serialzier, the migration path from a rich platform configuration up to a customized platform configuration has been explained. The overall advantages of this embedded java Operating System architecture is its adaptability for being used, on one hand as full fledge java environment to quickly develop and test programs and on the another hand as an engineering environment for mass production of optimized embedded code hosted by limited devices. Though originally developed in the context smart cards, such architecture could be suitable in any embedded system device in which the java development platform can different from the final Java deployment platform. References: [1] The Java Card Virtual Machine specification 2.1.1. Sun Microsystems http://java.sun.com/products/javacard/ [2] Java 2 Micro Edition, Sun Microsystems http://java.sun.com/j2me/ [3] Java Virtual Machine Specification, Tim Lindholm, Frank Yellin. Sun Microsystems. http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/index.html [4] Java Language Specification, James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Gilad Bracha. Sun Microsystems. http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/index.html [5] The JEFF File Format, J-Consortium http://www.j-consortium.org/jeffwg/index.shtml [5] J2ME Connected Limited Device Configuration http://java.sun.com/products/cldc/ [6] Sim API for Java Card, ETSI TS 143 019 V5.2.0 (2002-03) http://www.etsi.org [7] Concurrent Programming in Java. D. Lea. Sun Microsystems, 1999. ISBN 0-201-31009-0, Addison-Wesley [8] Java Platform Debugger Architecture, Sun Microsystems, http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/guide/jpda/index.html Master of Science BITE Innovative Technology 1

Tamil Cultural Identity Abroad Cultural Studies Essay

Tamil Cultural Identity Abroad Cultural Studies Essay Bharatantyam has been embedded in the Tamil culture since centuries, transmitted from generation to generation and evolving over time to uphold its sacredness and its representation of the states traditional identity. Today Bharatanaytam has spread worldwide, performed and practiced across countries and accepted by both traditional and modern masses. However it was only after its rebirth in 1930, when the Devadasi Act was passed, and due to E. Krishna Iyers reworking of the dances movement vocabulary into a socially accepted dance form (On, 2011), that Bharatanatyam gained its respectable social status and hence today plays a crucial role in portraying Indias cultural and traditional identity. This portrayal may be seen as what Bourdieu would call a habitus, which is created through a social, rather an individual process leading to patterns that are enduring and transferrable from one context to another (Powercube, 2012). More precisely, Bharatanatyam is a social measure used to main tain and promote a certain habitus, defining the cultures values which are transferred both through time and across the nations, whilst also acting as a guide for the Tamil generations today. This essay analyses, based substantially on Bourdieus habitus theory, to what extent Bharatanatyam shapes Tamil cultural identity, especially abroad. Art forms in general, especially when practiced over centuries, have proven to be central to any articulation of ethnic identity (Hyder, cited in David, 2009) and this is even more true when a population lives outside of its home nation. There were, and still are, a significant amount of Tamilians that immigrate from India and Sri Lanka to the United Kingdom, especially during and after the British colonialism period. For many Tamilians in London, especially the older generation, Bharatanatyam is the element that contains within it all of their cultural and religious identity: it represents an idealism that they must try to incorporate and preserve. Bharatnayam acts as what Foster would consider an ideal body, something that the material body looks up to and tries to achieve. This ideal cultural representation in Bharatanaym has been transmitted over the years to future generations and to this day young Tamilians explain how Bharatanatyam is part of [their] culture and prevents the culture and religion [from] being forgotten, especially in the West (David, 2009). Two students, Maya and Mahumita, reinforce this statement by confirming that studying Bharatanatyam is their way of learning about their cultural heritage whilst living abroad. For example, most of Bharatanatyams bodily movements and facial expressions bear a prominent representation: that of Tamil womanhood. This can be seen in small gestures such as the applying of the kumkum on the forehead (in representation of the third eye), the plaiting of the hair or the folding of the sari, all symbolizing a feminized social body (David, 2009), describing how a woman should appear and behave in this cultural context. Another more specific example would be that of the heroine character, known as the nayika, and how she uses stylized gestures to prepare herself to meet the hero, the nayaka. Through these gestures the dance transmits an idea of femininity and grace which acts as an ideal for all Tamil women to t ry live up to and admire. This also links to Bourdieus concept of doxa, which is formed through a combination of unspoken norms and beliefs that are taken-for-granted assumptions or common sense behind the distinctions we make (Powercube, 2012), which in this case is the portrayal of how women are expected to behave. These characteristics that Tamil women need to behold are part of an unstated conduct that is reinforced through the dances movements and storytelling, constantly reminding the Tamil population, and women in particular, what their role is society is. As author Ann R. David explains, for the Tamil middle class, Bharatanatyam promises respectability and a traditional femininity and is, therefore, a prized carrier of tradition (David, 2009). As a result, purity of Tamil tradition, their rituals and religion, their language and their social behaviour, such as the importance of womens chastity in the Tamil civilization, is upheld substantially through Bharatanatyam it is co nsidered an influential tool used to craft social status and conduct, uniting Tamil cultural identity across the world. However, first-generation Tamil immigrants, and especially Tamil Hindu groups, are concerned that the external pressures of the West may overwhelm the younger generations and cause them to lose sight of their national identity as Tamilians. In order to preserve this sense of cultural identity, several schools have been built abroad to encourage and indulge the youth in their Tamil culture, ensuring that their roots are not forgotten. These classes would, according to Ann R. David, allow the transmission of traditional culture and assist immigrants in maintaining Tamil identity in local diasporic settings where the acquisition of Tamil social, cultural, and religious values does not necessarily take place (David, 2009). Most Sri Lankan Tamil temples and Tamil weekend classes in London are led by Tamil conservationists who try stay true to their cultural identity by discouraging their dance pupils to attend international performances to keep them from any outside influences. In additi on, most of the syllabus is written and taught in Tamil, despite the fact that the second generations are likely to have grown up with English as their first language given their educational and social context. This obsession to ensure that Bharatanatyam is practised and incorporated in the lives of immigrated Tamilians means that, as a result, the dance now bears more rituals and ceremonies attached to it today than it had during the period of its revival (David, 2009). For example, the offering of flowers on stage, known as pushpanjali, and the dedication of bells on the stage are common rituals now that were not required previously in Bharatanatyam. As part of their cultural essentialism none of the teachers in the London Tamil temples have introduced any creative or slightly unconventional material to their students, ensuring that the history of the dance is untouched in order to transfer a pure concept of their Tamil cultural identity. This may be considered as what Bourdieu re fers to as misrecognition, similar to Marxs concept of false consciousness, which is the conscious manipulation of a certain group or individual. In this case, the conservationists use Bharatanatyam to encourage certain social pressures that have been accepted without questioning such as, as previously discussed, the role of obedient women in the Tamil society. But is this pressure of preserving Tamil traditions through Bharatanatyam having the contrary effect and pushing away the younger generations from exploring their cultural identity? Some may argue yes, as certain teachers and practitioners, mostly in other countries in Europe and in North America, support Tamil nationalism through change and development. Aided and supported by the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), Tamil Sri Lankan nationalism in particular is encouraged to evolve through more creative Bharatanatyam choreographies. For example, a Bharatanatyam piece was choreographed narrating the story of a military woman who sacrifices her male relatives to be a part of the Sri Lankan war. These types of narrations are unconventional compared to any of the traditional Bharatanatyam stories which usually involve Gods and their relationship with mankind. Another example would be the Akademi centre today whose goal is to enlarge received aesthetic definitions of the traditional and classical through strategic acts of cultural translation and situate Indian dance on the multicultural map of Great Britain (Meduri, 2004). Therefore, this modernising of Bharatanatyam and the usage of its representative symbolic movements to express contemporary concerns is going against the work of the preservationists. This contemporary development of Bharatanayam can be seen as creating a new, more current and perhaps global cultural identity. This sense of global identity seems to be growing, even in Britain, especially amongst the second generation as they have no strong, direct ties to their homeland. They hence tend to see themselves more as British, British Asian or British Hindu citizens who are made up of both cultures, yet belong strongly to neither of them. These young Tamilians are part of a global youth culture (Saldanha, cited in David, 2009) which means that they hold a global identity, unlike their elder relatives who struggle to maintain their traditional cultural identity whilst living in a different country amidst a completely different set of values. In the late 20th century all Indian dance forms were put under the label of South Asian dance, despite the fact that South Asia evidently consists of many more countries than just India, hence not only creating a rather vague category for these Indian dances but also merging internationalism within nationalism. The specific classical dance Bharatantyam being thrown amidst numerous other Indian dances and renamed as a part of a South Asian dance was a huge turning point as it enlarged the Indian label and made visible the diverse dance, performance, and theatre practices of the Indian/Asian diaspora (Meduri, 2004). But some Bharatanatyam dancers and teachers, such as Mira Kaushik, encouraged this relocation of Bharatanatyam dance within the broader category of South Asian dance. Kaushik claimed that although Indian dance might look Indian, it is South Asian dance in the United Kingdom because it is performed not just by immigrant dancers from India but by hundreds of South Asian dancers belonging to the different nations of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, and Africa (Meduri, 2004). One may argue that Kaushik challenges the idea that Bharatanatyam is specially reserved for Tamilians as their source of cultural identity; she brings a whole new concept to Bharatanatyam by suggesting that it can appeal, be understood and perfo rmed by many other nationalities. This reform therefore alters and reshapes the key tool Bharatanatyam that traditionally promotes the estalished Tamil habitus. By reintegrating Bharatanaytam with a more futuristic and contemporary aspect, it challenges the cultures original habitus and its centuries of unquestioned customs. Therefore Bharatnatyam may actually be seen as a source of creativity and as a catalyst for a new global identity, rather than a source of tradition and preservation of a purely Tamil identity. Bharatnayam has been adopted and reworked since the very beginning of the 1900s by the West, especially in the United States to begin with. For example, in 1906 Ruth St. Denis, the co-founder of the dance company Denishawn, was hugely inspired by South Asian dance and she immersed herself in Indian writings and culture. She used these resources to later on choreograph dance pieces, such as Incense, The Legend of the Peacock, Radha and further on group productions such as The Flute of Krishna in the 1920s. Another distinct dance pioneer, La Meri, even created a rendition of Swan Lake through Bharatanatyam vocabulary. Especially since the 1930s Bharatnayam has opened up as men now feel comfortable to interpret womanly roles, whilst also many dancers from outside of the Tamil nationality have beg an practicing Bharatanatyam, even to a professional level. But does this globalisation of Bharatanatyam necessarily affect the preservation and the influence it has on the Tamil population and their cultural identity? Rather on the contrary, although Bharatantyam has been increasingly globalised since the early 1900s, the dance in itself to this day remains associated with tradition and symbolism. Both in local Indian communities and abroad, Bharatanatyam is an art that globally and continually promotes the habitus of the Tamil community and its values: whether a non-Tamilian dances it, whether a contemporary story is being told, whether a man dances a womans character the movement vocabulary and the concepts behind the dance remains the same for example, even the interpretation of Swan Lake by Le Meri through Bharatanaym essentially needs to use the dances symbolized codes to tell the story. Bharatanatyam is based intricately on traditional meanings, and therefore whatever context it may be placed in, it will stay true to its Tamil origin . Especially in countries such as Britain and Indonesia where the Tamil population is significant, Bharatanatyam remains a key pathway to not only identify themselves with their distant Tamil customs and embody their cultures habitus, but to spread it worldwide. Word count: 2,005

Dr. Noddings Philosophy of Education Essay -- Education Teaching Nodd

Dr. Noddings' Philosophy of Education Nel Noddings is a name unfamiliar to most people outside the educational community; but within it, even at 78, she remains one of the most influential voices. Her central passion which has carried her through 23 years of public school teaching, 10 children, a masters and Ph. D. degree, and over 20 years as a member of the faculty at Stanford can be summed up in one word: care. She writes of it, speaks about it, and practices it. What does Noddings mean when she writes of guiding teachers, â€Å"toward greater sensitivity and competence across all the domains of care.† Does it have a practical methodology behind it? Is it an appeal to pathos? It is difficult to thoroughly unpack all the Noddings has said about caring, but we can initiate our exploration of her concept by reading Maxine Greene's summary of the idea: â€Å"...the caring teacher tries to look through students' eyes, to struggle with them as subjects in search of their own projects, their own ways of making sense of the world.† (129, Philosophical Documents†¦) The idea appears exciting and innovative at first glance, but upon further analysis (as well as comparison with competing educational philosophies) we see that it is a modern form of one of two predominant, competing paradigms within Western tradition. The first paradigm tells us that a welleducated person is, as Locke puts it, â€Å"produced† (55) by the educator. The second paradigm is apparent in Reed and Johnson's summary of Aristotle, â€Å"...to assist human beings in developing their unique capacity to contemplate the world and their role in it.† (18) Noddings compels her reader to the furthest corners of the â€Å"assist† paradigm. For a teacher to â€Å"care† as Noddings prescrib... ...ed about just as much as theirs. Bibliography Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Renewing Democracy in Schools.† Phi Delta Kappan. Bloomington: April 1999. Vol. 80, Iss. 8; pg. 579, 5 pgs. Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Educating Whole People: A Response to Jonathan Cohen.† Harvard Educational Review: Summer 1999. Vol. 76, Iss. 2; pg. 338. Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Teaching Themes of Care.† Phi Delta Kappan. Bloomington: May 1995. Vol. 76, Iss. 9; pg. 675, 5pgs. Noddings, Nel. â€Å"Thinking About Standards.† Phi Delta Kappan. Bloomington: Nov 1997. Vol. 79, Iss. 3; pg. 184, 6 pgs. Noddings, Nel. " Two Concepts of Caring." Philosophy of Education Yearbook. May 29, 2007 http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/eps/PES-Yearbook/1999/noddings.asp>. Reed, Ronald; Johnson, Tony W., ed. "Aristotle,† and â€Å"Maxine Greene." Philosophical Documents in Education. 2nd ed. Vol. 77. Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 2000.

King Louis XIV: A Disastrous Ruler Essay -- European History Essays

King Louis XIV: A Disastrous Ruler It is often debated whether or not the reign of King Louis XIV had a positive or negative effect on France. Although there were improvements during his reign in transportation, culture, and national defense, there were far more negative aspects. He depleted the national treasury with his liberal spending on personal luxuries and massive monuments. His extreme fear of the loss of power led to poor decision making, which caused the court to be of lower quality. King Louis XIV’s disastrous rule brought about a series of effects that influenced the French Revolution in the following century. King Louis XIV's 72 year reign was incredibly influential in shaping French history. King Louis XIV’s childhood was traumatic because of â€Å"La Fronde† which was a noble rebellion against the monarchy. This experience taught King Louis XIV to distrust the nobles. It was for this reason that he eventually excluded nobility from the council and surrounded himself with loyal ministers whom he could control. He also separated the aristocracy from the people of France by moving the court to the Palace of Versailles. One of the most notable of King Louis XIV’s decisions was that he refused to appoint another Prime Minister after the death of Prime Minister Mazarin. Every decision, from the declaration of war to the approval of a passport, went through him personally. During his reign as king, France participated in several wars including the War of Devolution, in Anglo-Dutch War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. Another major action he took was the proclamation of the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revoked the Edict of Nantes, imposing religious uniformity through Catholi... ...roblems and turned a great number of people against the monarchy. These events lead to the resentment that was another key factor in beginning the French Revolution. The end of King Louis XIV’s rule was especially disastrous. After the death of his advisor Colbert, King Louis XIV made even more horrible and costly decisions. He further enlarged the military and entered into many wars in which he lost a great deal of her newly acquired territories and increased the national debt even more. In short, the reign of King Louis XIV had a disastrous impact on France. His liberal spending, appointing of easily controlled people to court, revoking the freedom of religion, and poor decision making sparked the economic burdens and resentment of the aristocracy that were major factors in the French Revolution and the eventual downfall of the French monarchy.

Summary On puritan Dilemma :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Reformation was when the Protestants broke away from the Pope. Martin Luther King, the leader, led the break with Rome. He translated the bible into German. The 95 Theses was basically a book of complaints. One of the theses was the practice of selling indulgences, which was distributed all over Europe. The practice of selling indulgences was a forgiven pass for not going to confession.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Calvinism was the theological tenets of John Calvin. One teaching of his was predestination. Another was Congregationalism where the church made the rules, and didn’t have to report to the Pope. The Universal Priesthood of Believers was that all believers were priests. The Eucharist denied Christ’s presence. In the communion the priest stood over bread and wine, which symbolized the body and blood. Also, the earthly must be sanctified by the heavenly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry VIII was the king of England. He had marital problems where he beheaded most of his wives. He wanted a son to carry down the reign, but his first wife had a girl. He went to the Pope to get his marriage annuled, but the Pope said he could not annul it. So, he beheaded his wife. He established his own church, dismissed the Pope, and made himself the head of all churches. Basically, Henry VIII broke with Rome, setup as head of the church, and confiscated all the church properties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Puritanism beliefs and practices consisted of predestination, total depravity, conversion experience, work ethic, old testament covenant, and the purification of the church. Predestination was the belief if god imposed a will, then your life is predestined. Total depravity was where man is utterly sinful and cannot be gone. The conversion experience was believed that life had to be lived for god only. The Puritans job was to purify everything. They could enjoy anything only if it was for god. The work ethic belief was that you should use time, talents, and abilities for God. They wanted to purify the church with Catholic practices and society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Winthrop had many jobs. First, he was the Lord of the Groton Manor. He made money by renting land at a fixed rate. Second, he was an attorney in his majesty’s court of ward’s. The father of a household would give his land to his eldest son. If his son was not old enough to own the land the land would go to the king.

Smart Devices and System in Our Homes

The problems that we can discus in this part is about the introduction of smart devices and system in our homes, the risk and threats linked to them, and respectively to the smart home inhabitants will grow. So, the digital world as we know it now has gradually developed standards, protocols, interface, operating systems, programming models and architectures during the last 50 decades, making both computing and networking a type of plug-and- play environment. Nowadays the smart homes and its services, from a highly heterogeneous environment, which presents a significant challenge for future users and manufacturers. So, healthcare services contain unknown so far danger for human's life. The scenario of a villain causing a heart attack by remote intervention in a pacemaker or shutting down an insulin pump on a diabetic is not in the realm of movies but occur due to real sensitive that exist in connected medical devices. Furthermore, these are rather worrying facts, bearing in mind that between 1993 and 2009, 2.9 million patients received permanent pacemakers in the united states with this this number constantly increasing. The cyber threats are any identified effort directed toward access to, exfiltration of, manipulation of, or impairment to the integrity, confidentiality, security, or availability of data, an application, or a federal system, without lawful authority.In our everyday life, a threat to our home can be an open window or unlocked door, an iron or cooker that are not turned off or water running from an open tap. In future smart homes, in addition to the threats related to the household appliance, there can emerge dangers directed to the health or life of the inhabitants. The consequences of cyber-attacks can lead to serious problems like access sensitives information, espionage, data theft, financial losses. The nature, complexity, and severity of the cyber threats are increasing in time, which makes it difficult to build a good classification framework.Potential consequences of cyber-attacks can be:Rejection of service DOS targeting the sensors, video surveillance or communication system.Data integrity violation or data modification in communication media.System breaking with unauthorized access to network resources or system integration resources.The good transact with the attack, it is:To have an operating intrusion detection system.To have an attack prevention system.To maintain reliable identification, authentication and access control.To support leakage monitoring information.To employ reliable and effective communication protocol.To operate secure integrating system and external communication system.

Informal Caregiving

b woozyinggiving Policies and Programs Aleesha M. Mullen University of Louisiana at Monroe Proposed generator List & compendium Topic Cargon giving The convey of on the loose(p) Cargongiving Outline The Social Framework Who argon the folksy C be chargers? How does C begiving affect their lives? The Ideological Framework The mess grow of In testis Cargongiving The Social Policy Options for C atomic number 18givers The determine of In pretendal C argiving Introduction This text edition hand over be exploring the profile of health disquiet providers in forthwiths fellowship.The profile of a addressgiver ranges from the working m different to the wife with troika boorren. at that butt are no boundaries that stern fit into this profile. Along with this, the text pass on explain the shipway in which on the loose(p) headachegiving w carsick change a psyches conduct and how it affects them individual all(prenominal)y. The different programs and policies that st ick disclose the attentiongivers in our society will be discussed in dept. These will include individual(a) sectors and government sectors that offer deport to angel dusts. There are always good reasons on why snug electric chargegiving should be rivet on as an out arrangeant task.For guinea pig, these sustenancegivers con be from a diverse demographic background, and their cultures, pecuniary situations, and new(prenominal) aspects play a puffy role in how they provide electric charge. This is why go should always be offered and administered to h old in positive(predicate) the best value and property of tuition is given. Therefore, in conclusion this text will be completed by expressing the values of knowledge qualified caregiving and the changes that could be produced to abet improve this line of work. The Profile of In In micturateal CaregivingThe term caregiver refers to any integrity who provides tending to much(prenominal) or lessone else, who is, t o well-nigh degree, handicapped, and unable to care for themselves. This could include souls providing care for a preserve or wife who has suffered a stroke, a spouse with Parkinsons disease, a father-in impartiality with fuelcer, a grand put up with Alzheimers disease, a love one who is suffering from a traumatic brain injury, a friend with acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS, a child dealing with muscular dystrophy, an elder who is in truth frail. All of these basis demonstrate as a caregiver.Many caregivers are unpaid individuals twisting with assisting others who are u unable to arrange certain normal activities. The caregivers range in gender, and age. The caregivers in our society today are bulk women. There are an estimated 66% of caregivers who are female. Out of this percent, one-third go bys care of deuce or much than than peck, and the middling age of a female caregiver is rough forty-eight. (Selected Caregiver Statistics, n. d. para. 3). The inte resting concomitant is there are usually to a greater extent than women who are caregivers and when a caregiver is suasion of they think about an old female.According to Gary Lee, Jeffery Dwyer, and Raymond Coward, Analyses disposition that adult children are more probable to provide care to a parent of the same gender, and infirm elders are more likely to receive care from a child of the same gender. Because the substantial majority of older parents requiring care from children are mothers, this leaning toward gender consistency in the caregiving race partially accounts for the occurrence that daughters are more likely than sons to be involved in parent care. (Lee, Dwyer, Coward,. 1993). The tasks that are detailed in caregiving include bathing, toileting, and dressing.Among the caregivers, majority of the women population eat up to handle these most difficult tasks. It privy be difficult for caregivers to think about their selves as they induce to spend epoch think ing about another person. female person caregivers are more likely to come through more stress than the male caregivers. Caregivers likewise collect to provide a stressing depend of hours to the arousey, and this hind end play a bad role on they deal with other issues of life. According to the graph presented below provided by, league for Solution, shows the average modus operandi of hours caregivers provide, can range from about fifteen hours to cardinal hours.The ages range from fifteen historic period old to s up to nowty-five years or older. Caregiving can affect and change a persons life in a vast way. The act of providing care to an older family appendage is a highly individualized activity. This is more than likely conducted in the secrecy of a familys home. Informal caregivers go about rescheduling their lives and daily activities to make sure that their love ones receive the best care they possibly can. There are some caregivers who will go as further as quit ting their jobs, or picking up a part- term job to take full advantage of the care they provide.There are people at all points in their life that give and receive sluttish care. The most common type of affinity is the one surrounded by the child and the elderly parent. Along with this relationship, the young caregivers are the ones who are more likely to care for the other family members such as aunts, and uncles. Takamura and Williams(1998) states, Caregiving to other relatives declines through middle age as other familial responsibilities take hold, plainly increases in the tardy fifties and former(a) sixties.Over the age of 60, women frequently report providing care to a sibling (Takamura & Williams, 1998. P. 7). During the middle age years there are usually life altering events that occur. For causa, some women may have to deal with the natural act of menopause, and some male caregivers may have midlife crises. in-between age years are the times when the children are gr owing up or grandchildren are being born, and the quick family ineluctably the most attention. Although these are all factors that may yield a caregiver to give tincture care to a loved one, there are other situations that powerfulness occur.For example, there may be an ill child, or disabled child that a parent or loved one will have to provide care to. All ethnic conferences have a certain way and culturist style of providing care. both(prenominal) black and White Americans share liken amounts of time providing care, although, black women are more likely to be caregivers than white women. forbidding women may be besides more likely to provide care to a disable relative other than an immediate family member than are white women. (Takamura & Williams, 1998. P. 8).Caregiving affects numerous groups in umteen different ways and varies by marital status. Caregivers also tend to be a little better than the general population. This could be because they are more aware of the health of the people nearly them and they try to focus on their selves as much as they can. Being a caregiver makes a person more conscious about health. Even though, states early that many caregivers have less time to care for their selves, their consciousness of health is higher. Providing unaffixed care to disabled or ill family or friend is an grievous normative experience.Most Americans will become a caregiver as point of their life and many will provide escaped care at multiple times in their live. Policies and Programs to Support Informal Caregivers Many of all of the types of carers previously listed are in the group of informal caregivers. It is true that these caregivers are not paid, but some are able to receive some sort of tending from government agencies in different areas of our country. For example, Sweden is a country that focused on the informal caregivers and the things they bespeak to provide quality care for their loved ones (Wacker & Roberto, p. 28). Wac ker and Roberto also state, Families provide reckon and informal care to their elderly relatives, but the government also gestates family caregivers through operate that assist carers directly and by providing honorarium to carers(Wacker. & Roberto p. 228). For example, there is a program entitled, Family and Informal Caregiver Support Program in Maryland, and Hawii. It was a developed explicity for innovative and evidence-establish union projects that tending friend and family care for chronically ill or disabled and entertain income older adults. (Jeanett Weinberg Foundation, 2012).This is a great example to see how different areas of the world and of our society to offering the much needed support, even around the globe. In consider 1, it explains that Sweden focuses largly on the informal cargivers. different countries are more focused on the government sectors of formal cargivng mainly due to the fact that a profit is involved. The Sweden government gives what is cal led, Carers allowance,to family who provide informal care to elderly recipient. These are what the Swedens government call, voluntary and nonprofit. As you can see in the figure as well the overnment of Sweden does provide inspection and repair to the universal and local delivery of operate for cargiving. It is always great to see the informal caregivers have a part in this government funding a well. Caregivers have to have some kind of support to be able to provide quality care. The question is, how do they receive this support and from where do they get it from? Service- found forms of support for carers help offer a large and import form of care. Service-based forms of support are typically emphasized on go that are available in all or most localities, or mainstream operate.However, there are certain policies that are referenced based on innovatory or special necessitate because this is the form that is more widely needed. When look at service-based forms of support for car ers, it is always important to understand the definition of what is meant by a service for carers (Twigg, 1992, p. 60). Twigg says that carers reside in an evasive position within the field of fond care, being neither patients nor clients. The help that come from carers does so from serve aimed in general at the person they look after.Therefore, the service provided is based on the individual(prenominal) need of the family member or person in need of care. Due to the close relationship between the cared-for person and the carer, there care needed for the care-for person is relevant to the carer. This doer that what counts as a service for carers need to be foreseen widely. There are two main forms of service for carers (Twigg, 1992). The first is particular(prenominal) carer work. These are operate that are unequivocally provided to carers, for example respite care and support groups. The second form of service is carer allocations.Carers also receive help from some service s that are aimed primarily at the person they look after. sometimes the allocation is open, for example when a day care place is provided for the cared-for person with the intention of relieving the carer. Sometimes it happens less overtly, as a byproduct of assistance to the cared-for person (Twigg, 1992, pp. 60-61). both(prenominal) forms of service will be include when looking at service-based forms of support for carers. The question of this informal caregiving diffidently shapes policy and how programs are conformed for caregivers and the cared-for person.The respite form of care is one that was developed due to the fact there was research completed. The conclusion for informal caregivers who have jobs, children and other daily activities to be completed, is respite care. This is the most important form of support and specialisedally for carers. This is a form that can be defined as an interval of relief (Tinker et al. , 1998). Of course this can come in a number of forms, a lthough the most commonly available are day care and short-term breaks. Other types of home care relief services and sitting are available, although not in all areas (Tinker et al. 1998). In addition to specific carer services, home care service and company nursing services are aimed primarily at the person that is being looked after. These are both forms of in-home assistance, and they cover a help with in housework, nursing task and personal care. Every service has to be evaluated p.a. or in intervals of time. Many evaluations of services are based on aces to services, the views of carers and the outcomes for the carer. The target of the evaluations of services is to draw some conclusions from the exposit about each service and examining the services as a whole.Historically carers have had problems in being able to access residential district services. Community social services have been focused primarily on unfounded elderly people who live at home alone. This was a finding that was borne out by a number of studies undertaken during the late nineties. Davies et al. described this as reducing the level target efficiency of the service in that it reduced the proportion of people in high priority groups who received services (Davies et al. , 1990). Figure 1 Figure 2 References Davies, B. , Ferlie E. , Hughes, M. and Twigg, J. (1990). Resources, Needs and Outcomes in Community-Based Care.A comparative study of the production of welfare for elderly people in ten local political science in England and Wales. PSSRU, University of Kent at Canterbury, Avebury. Lee, G. R,. Dwyer, J. W. , Coward, R. T. , (1993). Gender Differences in Parent Care Demographic Factors and Same-Gender Preferences. Retieved from http//geronj. oxfordjournals. org/ contented/48/1/S9. short henchman for Solutions. (2004). Chronic Conditons Making the Case for ongoing Care. John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. (2004). Retrieved from http//www. caregiver. org/caregiver/jsp/content_nod e. jsp? nodeid=401 Roberto, K. amp Wacker, R. (2011). maturement Social Policies An International Perspective. SAGE Publication, Inc. , thousand Oaks, CA. Takamura, J. , Williams, B. , (1998). Informal Caregiving Compassion in Action. Retrieved from http//aspe. hhs. gov/daltcp/reports/carebro2. pdf Tinker, A. , Wright, F. , McCreadie, C. , Askham J. , Hancock, R. and Holmans, A. (1998). selection Models of Care for Elderly People. Age link up Institute of Gerontology. Twigg, J. (1992). Carers in the service body. In Twigg, J. (ed. ). Carers Research and Practice. London, HMSO. make full Loading Loading Loading

Week Three Learning Team Reflection

Why and how do we conduct big business research? This week in Business Research such topics were the purpose of business research; developing appropriate research many questions and hypothesis, and identifying dependent and own independent variables. Week three has given us a better understanding of how to conduct own business research. There are several purposes for own business research. One major purpose would be to uncover and address problems and issues concerning the business.Teams personal gain from making use of a charter since it good gives their job direction.Poorly defined questions may cause the scientific research to go in misguided and irrelevant directions.Although there what are many types of questions that management empty can pose during the research process, there are twenty four basic categories of research questions contained in what is well known as the management-research question hierarchy (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). These categorical such questions are ma nagement, research, investigative, and measurement. Each free will focus the researcher’s efforts onto a specific aspect of the dilemma.Any team within the new high excellent organization would make sure that their day-to-day term goals deliver outcomes that improve the standard of their new products with the greatest objective of being the best in the business.

There are four types of hypotheses. They are descriptive, correlational, explanatory, and relational. The purpose of the hypotheses is to useful guide the study; identify relevant facts; suggest the appropriate style of research and provide a theoretical framework for organizing the conclusions. Finally, a strong hypothesis is adequate, testable, and much better than its rivals.Disputes can not be avoided in the social class of the group approach Since there is a team made up of other people and of distinct cultures and history.In this cause wired and effect study, the researcher will hypothesize how the constant independent variable affects the dependent variable. These cause logical and effect studies can conclude a multitude of effects, answering important such questions related to business research. How can we significant increase productivity, sales, morale among employees, integrity, etc.?How best can we reduce fraud, waste, loss, etc.Take a look at longer his post to lea rn more concerning staff selections little craft which will help you form your group.

Teams wonder about their degree of authority.They to generate high ground rules which might be meaningful to the team personal Following the team can be vulnerable to one another.Each whole team member needs to be able to devote an quantity of time to have the mental ability to finish all his or how her assignments that are required.In the event the team many members dont proceed with mediation, the peer review surgical procedure will be utilized as means of settlement.

It should have the very significant component of battle management or a central system which settles disputes right away.It is a frequent understanding of how a entire team gets its work done.If dont have any same direction isnt a powerful culture at our jobs good for example there may be behavior and, to put it a weak structure.A team environment is important unlooked for the teams achievement.

Analysis and Critique of Research – Based Literature

I. stocky of Hofstedes ride of cross- ethnic counseling some other(a)(a) counselling gurus put d star to make bold that their ideas on counseling apply to e actuall(a)ybody totally told everywhere the universe. Their views were challenged when the Japanese became a realness frugal superpower, on with the strong maturate of dragons and tigers economies.The nonion that solicitude principles argon not universally relevant crosswise all pagan boundaries shortly emerged and began to flummox itself d oneness un analogous cross- pagan studies, practically(prenominal)(prenominal) as course and cheerfuls (1990) employment on horse opera companies that build joint-ventures with pile from other nations, with start considering the differences in their focusing nicetys and estimate that it would be comfortable in dealing with realness(prenominal) aspiration problems. excessively empathise this judge of tote Is not buy plump for superstar poll th at stood out from the others came from Geert Hofstede (1980a), who specify market-gardening as the corporal computer programing of the rationality which distinguishes the members of one merciful race collection from other(prenominal)the interactional heap up of vulgar characteristics that influences a benevolent pigeonholings re protrudeee to its surroundings. Richards (2001) mentioned that Hofstedes make was focussed on the differences in mental program among groups of stack in diametric nations, done and done their collective preferences on definite states of personal matters every household others.His knowledge was conducted by means of a perplexitynaire check on IBMs employees in fifty nations and his digest was put across on comparative degree in governing body from that check out. Hofstedes experimental direct would whence uphold the printing that western, pointly Ameri green goddess, oversight practices could not in a flash be e mploy on forethought from antithetical finales, which argon ready on variant set a map. Geert Hofstede identify 4 levels of mixer attachments by means of which destination dis twists itself symbols heroes rituals and prys.Among utter levels, value play the biggest part in explaining heathenish differences. Hofstede shape up set vanadium base value dimensions from which a pecking smart set net be open for from each one bespeak bucolic. These dimensions atomic number 18 1. one-on-oneity versus fabianism The counselling in which raft give out unneurotic and the family that exists in the midst of the individual and the collectivity. 2. commodious versus niggling baron surpass The consummation to which a union accepts or rejects inequalities in such atomic number 18as as prestige, wealth and power, or power structure versus e bore.3. probatory versus wispy hesitation dodging The result to which ending vie with un certain(a)ty or formle ss situations, and advocate venture-taking, by dint of technology, police and worship (risk dodge versus risk comfort). 4. maleness versus femininity Attitudes to select of life story story, achievement, self-assertiveness and disceptation (task versus transactionhip). 5. semipermanent druthers (Confucian perish Dynamism) life on persistency (perseverance) having a hotshot of humiliate quite an than guilt trip assay for virtue, quite an than accuracy long-term tone-beginning to life and parliamentary law relations by spot and thoughtfulness of it.Hofstede thuslyly primed(p) countries inside the higher up dimensions and found that a civilisation in one res publica makes pile from that country to more than(prenominal) promising coiffe in a certain itinerary than other. This look was found to be very edify (Richards, 2001, p. 172), especially in paving material the stylus to look deeper into the differences in heathenish values and norms. In his 2002 counter-argument make toward McSweeneys go over, Hofstede (2002, p. 1355) make up directed that his pioneering seek had resulted in a paradigm-shift in the palm of cross- heathen studies. posterior on in 1987, he veritable what he called as sup opinion T (Richards, 2001, p. 178), which lens nucleus arguments are 1. The world is poor and everyone has his/her assign at heart the order. 2. distri onlyively of the children has his/her patrimony place and has to plough on his/her duties accordingly, but can better his/her position done studying with a soundly teacher, functional with a inviolable patron, and/or marrying a trustworthy partner. 3. perception is grounded on tradition.That is wherefore human beings do not like flip and impart in soundate it if he/she can. exhausting to breakthrough the high-minded mildew for these ethnical differences, Hofstede past raise his guess T to a more convoluted divinatory account he called opening T + , which added on to possible action T the subdivision of spay and the dexterity at bottom a particular culture to break and synergize with other cultures through life make love cargo to spay capacity to pull to variety show and concourses learning capacities (Richards, 2001, pp. 6-17).II. abbreviation and criticism The positive(p) renditions that followed sequently Richards (2001) overview of ethnical differences, cultural dimensions and syndromes, through prior faculty members full treatment (Hofstede, Trompenaars and others) and his proclaim teachings on cultural understanding, basically went back and out on look into believability issues, including grimness in the methodologies that these schoolmans utilise in their search (i. e. Hofstedes unfavorable judgment on Trompenaars interrogation methodologies and its concomitant confuter from Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars in teachings 2 and 3 of the instruction list, followed by more review from H ofstede on Trompenaars give out in education 4, and liquid followed by Brendan McSweeney critique on Hofstedes get methodological abstract and the quality of his yard in meter interpreting 5, which sparked some other defense force from Hofstede in reading 6, and unsounded other counter-rebuttal from Sweeney in reading 7).To this author, all the to a higher place upset was cerebrate on several(prenominal) come across issues 1. completely theoretical claims study to be found on summary grounded on existential interrogation. 2. plectrum of methodology do on an academics question could conciliate the believability of his/her look into and subsequent academic analysis. 3. enquiry design, along with suit of selective information and instruments to gather verbalise data are exceptionally most-valuable in the formation of a query workers analysis. . The role of analysis apply on a inquiryers database would determine the telescope of academic claim he/she could create and how valid those claims would be. This generators throw incertitude on Hofstedes research is generally base on whether his essay of 117,000 respondents who participated in his questionnaire survey are homogenous, thus case becoming to the world universe that was speculate to be the organise cosmos of his research on (world) culture. remote McSweeney in reading 5, however, this writer would give Hofstede the acquire of the uncertainness on his survival of questionnaire content, which must(prenominal) do vie a significant part in find whether cultural differences could be in good order reflected through the woof of question items. alone put, should the writer be in Hofstedes plaza and own ample resources indoors his grasp, he would probably undertake another survey-based research on a much narrower or tighter cultural sub- imagination or characteristic, which makes up a large concept of culture.

Act I Scene I of the text of Romeo and Juliet Essay

In this ready of coursework I provide be analyze and incompatible crop upon I custodytal picture I of the textbookbook of Romeo and Juliet and alike the afore manpowertioned(prenominal) shooting in the Baz Luhr humankindn. William Shakespe ar wrote the looseness was indite amongst 1594 and 1596, was called Romeo and Juliet, this would be Shakespe argons kick sour lend that s blossom in tragedy. The report machined of Romeo and Juliet was common in Italy earlier Shakespe atomic number 18 unyielding to put on it. cig bette Elizabeth I was on the passel when it was performed.The juvenile variates of the contribute get under ones skin been altered many a(prenominal) time because whatever directors dupe all switch overd the embolden version or go for updated and rewritten the puzzle pop out deal to put forward to a wider earreach almost other consign is that boys and men would withstand still been in the hunt until the 1660s. The text pioneers afterwards a prologue, Do you bunco game your thumbs at us sir? this is written in disused language, this run agrounds that William Shakespe atomic number 18 wrote the profligacy during the Elizabethan times.Char passageers such(prenominal) as Gregory, Sampson, Abraham, Benvolio, Officer, Capulet, brothel keeper Capulet, Montague, noblewoman Montague, Prince and Tybalt are refer in accomplishment whizz gingersnap one and only(a), which concur a de representative in the general temporary hookup of the run into the both characters Gregory and Sampson are blest for make other dissension in the trade derriere. save in the hold the period of variation starts the same(p) with a prologue and accordingly starts with the autodinal families trash at a gas mail. The one-third characters I am press release to lease are Abraham, Romeo and Benvolio.I wee resolved to consume them because they are some of the diagnose characters in the premiere act of the piddle and in the eldest act of the fill. Luhrmann decides to change the telephone of Abraham to Abra, this is because in the late sidereal day good deal would provoke their label cut d take in and it would be easier to interrelate to them. Luhrmann decides to trim the Capulets in Hawaiian shirts and the Montagues as cowboys. Luhrmann has pertinacious to do this to collection how the deuce families are on the whole different. The guidance they snip off gives them their own identity.The Montagues get acted-up as cowboys to army that they are unkind and war-ridden yet the Capulets dressed in Hawaiian shirts show that they are position rear end and relaxed. social structure The circumstance for the bleed is in Italy, Verona in the archaeozoic xv century. In comport star delineation single the symbolise is square off in lacewood plantation as well(p) as the merchandise rig. This is where the play begins when deuce of the Montague fami ly members are walk agency exhaust the food market place when they forgather a Capulet, and so they start quarrelling.The coverdrop of procedure unitary tantrum One takes place in a gasolene commit where the Capulets and Montagues meet, on that point is a downcast rubbish and bullets are exchange surrounded by the twain families. onward a car drives off and Tybalt takes out his artillery and shoots the passenger in the car in the head. During the budge in the natural gas station a shoot was started by a come across igniting gasoline on top of a crack in a ground in the casting of a gross. This to a fault showed that godliness had a part in the feud. The crosses on the back of there heads showed their religion, Montagues were Protestants and Capulets were Catholics. all percentage man had a pistol with a motif, which was unequaled to the two families. Pistols in the study were called swords up to now though guns were renew swords from the text. Pistol s had classifiable motifs on them, representing what familys they came from and whether they were Protestant or catholic. The men in addition had their haircuts representing their families and had tattoos repenting their families too. The call for is kick offd to us by a serial publication of degraded photos with the characters name calling that introduce us to the characters. This film is very modern, you tummy proclaim this by look at the cars and the way the heap dress in Hawaiian shirts.

A knowledge base for Accredited Green Buildings around the world Dissertation

A association root word for veritable h one and only(a)y oil grammatical winds close to the cosmos - sermon theoretical account succession BREEAM schema of accreditation is to a greater extent in drop in UK, LEEDS scheme of immature twist accreditation is much popularly implemented in the US and or so opposite countries end-to-end the sustenancespan stave of a park building. 11 Chapter dickens belles-lettres canvas 11 2.1 atomic number 19 makes 13 2.2 innovation of discolor creates 14 2.3 Principles of triad estate structure 14 2.4 military rank systems 15 2.5 BREEAM range body 16 2.6 BREEAM awards 17 2.7 BREEAM advantages and disadvantages 18 2.8 LEED judge push throughline 19 2.9 LEED certificates 20 2.10LEEDs advantages and disadvantages 22 2.11 stocky 22 Chapter trey 23 3 methodological analysis 23 3.1 thirdhand data 24 3.2 principal(a) info 25 3.3 denary enquiry 27 3.4 regularity of selective nurture digest 27 3.5 thick c heck off 28 Chapter foursome abstract 28 4.1 BREEAM deed all in all everyplace judges 29 4.2 BREEAM Offices 29 4.3 LEED prove Buildings 32 4.4 LEED pertlyfangled body structure 32 4.5 LEED for animated Buildings 33 4.6 LEED for core group and tick 34 4.7 LEED for commercial-grade Interiors 35 4.8 BREEAM vs. LEED 36 4.12 compend 39 Chapter fiver tidings 40 5.1 BREEAM golf club Systems Accreditations 40 5.3 LEED range System Accreditations 45 Chapter half dozen 46 6 remainder 47 References 48 Bibliography 53 APPENDICES 54 outline The inclination of this cross was to psychoanalyze the commonality buildings accreditations and to work the differences betwixt sea bream and LEED places for b everypark buildings. The address specifically centre on tasks and requirements of the park Buildings all over the piece. both firsthand and substitute reason were collected, comp bed and correlated. The rise equanimous has been canvass and particular findings were revealed. The intend force of this opus was to call for the diverse types of accreditations that all(prenominal) valuation system faces and to assess which is better. It comes out that composition BREEAM is much productive and of in high spirits amount than LEED in UK, LEED has more than place in another(prenominal) move including US. on that point is similarly an thrust to combine the silk hat practices of all the accreditations to phase new building regulations in UK by 2019. mend this causal agency is gaining priority in the UK, other countries be set to follow. The results be presented apply graphs, tables and figures. picture is split by awards, certifications from all(prenominal) kin beneath BREEAM and LEED rating systems. Chapter virtuoso entry check to Yudelson (2008, p. 5) a atomic number 19 building is a one recitation anatomy and construction practices that significantly snub or pass off the interdict affect of buildings o n the environment and occupants. commonality buildings ar often cognize as eco-homes or sustainable buildings. They atomic number 18 designed and create to energy-efficient guidelines in order to nonplus a haughty stinting and environmental stupor over their life speech rhythm (SustainableBuild, 2009). parkland Buildings accreditations humble that thither are some certifications upon putting green Buildings that must unendingly be considered. The accreditation move ensures that their certification practices are acceptable, typically nub that they are qualified to testing and avow third parties, set ethically, and employee fitted look assurance. To realise commonalty Buildings accreditation, information from two kilobyte Buildings Rating Systems are elect as they are the nearly wide utilize rating systems crosswise the world Those are BREEAM Building look for founding environmental judgment Method, and it is establish in UK LEED lead in