Progressive Era Through the Great Depression Research Paper

Progressive Era Through the Great Depression - Research Paper Example However, we can say that the timing was a bit different across various nations. This was the most wide spread, deepest and longest depression within the twentieth century. This period of immense depression started in the United States starting with a fall in stock prices and the subsequent crash of the stock market and then spread to the other nations of the world (Bernanke, 2000). This period of depression had devastating effects in many nations that it hit characterizing a plunge in international trade, a rise in the unemployment levels with magnificent falls in prices and profits. The various developmental industries got hit hard causing collapse of some. Historical turning points of the enormous depression mainly concentrated on the measures that brought about a halt that reversed the trend and effects of the depression. In most nations, the acclaimed depression recovery started at around the year 1933 and took over a decade to return the economy back to normal and stability. Roosevelt’s introduction of the new deals policies was the first principal cause and accelerator of the recovery process. However, they lacked aggressiveness to return the economy back to normal. Such policies were inclusive of the banking act of 1935. The advent of the World War II also favored the reverse of depression and raise in the economy as government spending on the war stopped and the funds reverted to rising of the economy.

The novel Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

The novel Frankenstein Essay Evil in many individuals is seen as having qualities tending to injury and mischief or as having a nature or properties which tend to negative behavior. The theme of evil is very important to the novel Frankenstein. It is important because, everyone, at one point or time, is seen as evil. Just because they are perceived as evil, it doesnt necessarily mean that they are evil. Everyone can possess the qualities of being evil but that doesnt mean that they should be perceived as evil. In relation to the novel, everyone sees things from their own point of view which therefore creates a whole misunderstanding of the word evil. At the beginning of the novel, a monster is brought into the world by his creator, Frankenstein. Frankensteins dream was to create this monster but it turns out to be what he least expects it to be. Frankenstein perceives the monster as a thing of evil from the moment he brings it to life. Frankenstein than in turn hates the monster. He spent 2 years of his life working on infusing life, into an inanimate body, to than in turn hate it because he perceives it as evil. Frankenstein than abandons the monster because he is disappointed with what he created. The reason he perceives the monster as evil is based mainly on the physical appearance. The monsters muscles and arteries were still showing, and he displayed physical characteristics that would be seen as irregular to society. He believed these irregularities were seen as evil, which in the end, resulted in the desertion of the monster. Since the monster had been abandoned, it ends up wandering into a forest and runs across a town. The villagers visualize it and in turn, throw stones and many other missile weapons at it. This forces it to take refuge back into the forest. This is the first clue that the monster realizes. It eventually sees the problem that he possesses. It sees that it its physical appearance is rather grotesque and apprehends the fact that this may be why he was seen as an outcast to the villagers. On his continued adventure into the woods he comes across a cottage which is occupied by people. It sees this as a chance to be socially accepted into the world. With the physical characteristics, that the monster possesses, he comes to the conclusion that he must understand the human nature to a certain extent, to ensure that he will be accepted into society. It spends the majority of a year outside of the cottage studying up on the human behavior of these cottagers. It recognizes that they possess the ability to communicate through sounds. It attempts to learn the language that they speak, so he could communicate with them verbally. It wants to communicate with them verbally to ensure that they might see it as more human-like than previously discovered. It also attempts to help the family out by surprising them with jobs that were mysteriously accomplished. All this knowledge and help still does not help out the chances of fitting in with the family.

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Notes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interpersonal communication occurs within interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal relationship is the association of two people who are interdependent, they use consistent patterns of interaction, and who have interacted for a descended amount of time. There are two important interpersonal relationships, inclusion and control they both include involving others in the conversation. The difference is control is the ability to influence others, and inclusion is becoming involved with others (need for affection, or holding fond or tender feelings toward someone.) pg. 170 There is also symmetrical relationships with people mirror each other or are similar. There is a dark side to interpersonal relationships. Some may find that interpersonal relationships can be painful and negative. This includes obsession, fatal attraction, and jealousy. These can often cause abuse, sexual, physical, mental, and emotional. Also negative relationships include gossip, conflict, and codependency with can create harmful results to the relationship. Relational development is the process by which relationships grow. (important). There are five stages to interpersonal relationships; Initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integration, and bonding. Initiating is the beginning period of interaction. Experimenting is when two people have a clear understanding to find out more about each other. Intensifying involves active participation, mutual concern, and awareness of the developing relationship. Integrating is when people in the relationship start to mirror each others behavior. Bonding is the final stage when they commit to each other. Relational maintenance is very important because of the strategies that keep the relationship together. Massage characteristics can have many different meanings. Hurtful messages are messages that create emotional pain or upset, they can end the relationship. Deceptive communication is the practice of deliberately making someone believe things that are not true.

Fdi in Nigeria

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY BY SHIRO ABASS A. Department of Finance University of Lagos BSTRACT Generally, policies and strategies of Nigerian government towards foreign direct investments are shaped by two principal objectives of desire for economic independence and the demand for economic development. Multi national corporations are expected to bring into Nigeria, foreign capital in the form of technical skills, entrepreneurship, technology and investment fund to boost economic activities thereby, rising the standard of living of Nigerian. The main issues in this paper relates to understanding the effects and impact of foreign direct investments on the Nigerian economy as well as our ability to attract adequate amounts, sufficient enough to accelerate the pace of our economic growth and development. From related research and studies, it was revealed that multinational corporations are highly adaptive social agents and therefore, the degree to which they can help in improving economic activities through foreign direct investment will be heavily influenced by the policy choice of the host country. Secondary data were collected for the period 1970 to 2005. In order to analyse the data, both econometric and statistical method were used. Tables were produced in order to create a visual impression of the dependence of Nigeria economy on that of donor countries such as Western Europe and North America. The economic regression model of ordinary least square was applied in evaluating the relationship between foreign direct investment and major economic indicators such as gross domestic product, gross fixed capital ormation and index of industrial production. The model revealed a positive relationship between foreign direct investment and each of these variables, but that foreign direct investment has not contributed much to the growth and development of Nigeria. This is evident in reality of enormous repatriation of profits, dividends, contract fees, and interest payments on foreign loans. The study thus suggest that in order to further improve the economic climate for foreign direct investments in Nigeria, the government must appreciate the fact that the basic element in any successful development strategy should be the encouragement of domestic investors first before going after foreign investors. 1. 0INTRODUCTION In order to seek the highest of return for capital, economists tend to favour the free flow of capital across national boarders. It is against this backdrop that multinational companies seek investment in foreign countries with reasonable risk. Nigeria is believed to be a high-risk market for investment because of factors such as bad governance, unstable macro economic policies, investment as a way out of Nigeria’s economic state of underdevelopment. Since the enthronement of democracy in 1999, the government of Nigeria has taken a number of measures necessary to woo foreign investors into Nigeria. These measures includes the repeal of laws that are inimical to foreign investment growth, promulgation of investment law, various overseas trips for image laundry by the president, among others. The need for foreign direct investment is born out of the underdeveloped nature of the Nigeria’s economy that essentially, hindered the pace of her economic development. Generally, policies and strategies of the Nigerian government towards foreign investments are shaped by two principal objective of the desire for economic independence and the demand for economic development. There are four basic requirements for economic development namely. i)Investment capital ii)Technical skills iii)Enterprise iv)Natural resources. Without these components, economic and social development of the country would be a process lasting for many years. The provisions of these first three necessary components present problems for developing countries like Nigeria. This is because of the fact that there is a low level of income that prevents savings, big enough to stimulate investment capital domestically or, to finance training in modern techniques and methods. The only way out of this problem is through acceleration of the economy by external sources of money (foreign investment) and technical expertise. Foreign direct investment is therefore suppose to serve as means of augmenting Nigeria’s domestic resources in order to carryout effectively, her development programmes and raise the standard of living of her people. According to Nwankwo, G. O. 2 factors responsible for the increase need for foreign direct investment by developing countries are: oThe world recession of the late 1970s and early 1980s and the resultant fall in the terms of trade of developing countries, which averaged about 11% between 1980 and 1982. High real interest rate in the international capital market, which adversely affected external indebtedness of these developing countries. oThe high external debt burden. oBad macro economic management, fall in per capital income and fall in domestic savings. Foreign direct investments consist of external resources, including technology, managerial and marketing expertise and capital. All these generate a considerable impact on host nation’s production capabi lities. At the current level of gross Domestic Product, the success of governments policies of stimulating the productive base of the economy depends largely on her ability to control adequate amount of foreign direct investments comprising of managerial, capital and technological resources to boost the existing production capabilities. The Nigerian government had in the past endeavored to provide foreign investors with a healthy climate as well as generous tax incentives, but the result had not been sufficiently encouraging (as we shall see in this research). Nigeria still requires foreign assistance in the form of managerial, entrepreneurial and technical skills that often accompany foreign direct investments. Total amount of income that will accrue to capital will be OR0BK0 while labour receives YBR0. Given that Q = F (K, L), the total output in this country is the area under the marginal efficiency of capital (MEC) curve and this output will be distributed between the two factors of production, that is labour and capital. For foreign direct investment to take place, the returns to capital in the United Kingdom must be less than returns to capital in Nigeria, given that United Kingdom is more endowed with capital utilization In response to this differential in returns to capital, there will be capital movement from the United Kingdom to Nigeria and this will continue until the returns are the same in the two countries. The amount of capital moved from United Kingdom to Nigeria is in the form of foreign direct investment and hence, Nigeria’s stock of capital or investment fund is increased. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL REVIEW 2. 1FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT: PROPONENTS AND ANTI-PROPONENTS. 2. 1. 1 PROPONENTS — Most analysts believe that national and foreign private sector enterprise, if permitted to operate in a competitive market condition will offer developing countries the best prospects for speedy national economic growth. These analysts however do not view multi national capital as panacea to developing countries. Amongst the proponents of foreign direct investments are Peter Drucker, Harry Johnson, Gerald Mier, Sanjaja Hall, Paul Strcter, Carlos, F, Ludiak, l. A, Manle, . F, Author Nwankwo and many more. Harry Johnson argued that foreign investments bring to the home country, â€Å"a package of cheap capital, advanced technology. Superior knowledge of foreign market for final products and capital goods, immediate inputs and raw materials†. Similarly, Drucker has argued that developing countries need to employ export oriented development strategies in order to meet their foreign exchange and employment requirements and that such orientation is much more likely to succeed if these countries can acquire â€Å"capital export markets†. Such markets he maintained are precisely what multinational companies with their worldwide sourcing and marketing can offer. Gerald Mier contends that from the stand profit of national economic benefit, the essence of the case of encouraging the inflow of capital is that the increase in real income resulting from the act of investment is greater than the resultant increase on the income of the investor. This is also the view held by Mactougal when he stated that a moderate inflow of investment in an economy is beneficial. The chief benefit of foreign direct investment, according to these writers, is the accompanying â€Å"package deal† of technical and managerial skill. This may be costly, difficult or impossible to obtain in other alternative investment means. The less developed a country is, the less able it is as a rule to utilize patents, technical advice and contract management assistance without taking the whole package. This view was supported by Penrose (1961) and Chenery (1966). 2. 1. ANTI-PROPONENTS — some analysts (known as the dependence school) are strongly opposed to pro foreign direct investment perspectives. Their arguments are based on series of studies and research carried out. Such analysts include Dos Santos, Ronald Multer, Cardose, Euzo Falleto, Dr. Fashola and many others. Theofonio Dos Santos argued that developing countries’ economic difficulties do not originate in their isolation from advanced countries, but that the most powerful obstacle to their develo pment came from the way they are oined to their international system. Multer, R maintained that multinational corporations transfer technologies to developing countries that result in mass unemployment; that they monopolize rather than inject new capital resources; that they displace rather than generate local business and that they worsen rather than ameliorate the country’s balance of payment. Overall, the dependent school rejects the pro foreign direct investment analysts’ depiction of the benefits derived from participation in the international economy. Dr Fashola, for example argued that most of the policies adopted by Nigeria since the SAP era are qualitative in nature and as such are yet to be effective in turning round for the better economic fortunes of the nation. More recently, a new body of literature emerged and challenged the pro-foreign direct investment optimist about the long-term negotiating and benefiting prospects of the world. What might be labeled the structuralized school has argued that developing countries may in fact experience a long-term decrease in their power over high technology manufacturing system. Their arguments were based on what scholars learnt empirically about the behaviour and effects of multinational companies in developing countries. Results of some of their studies are. i)Bornshier and Jean in a multiple regression analysis of variance in growth of GNP per capital in 76 developing countries (Nigeria inclusive) between 1960 to 1975, found out that their flow of foreign direct investment were associated negatively with growth in income per capital. Other studies by Michael Dolan and Brain Tomlin appeared basically to confirm Bormshier’s observations. Also, Robert Johnson in his regression analysis of growth per GNP in 72 countries between 1960 to 1978, found stocks of foreign direct investment to be positively associated with economic growth at statistically significant level for relatively advanced economies. He therefore concluded that once the size of a developing country is taken into account, the level of direct investment has no consistent effect on growth. i)Vincent Mahler (1976) carried out an analysis of 68 least developed countries and found a statistically significant association between income concentrated in the 6 percent to 20 percent of the population and foreign direct investment in manufacturing but not in mining and agriculture. iii)Several studies were also conducted to estimate the economic desirability of the technology brought to developing countries by multinational corporations. It was found that royalty payments, technical tees, tie-in-clause leading to the purchase of over priced immediate goods, export restrictions and other limitations had resulted in technology acquisition during most of the sixties to become major burden In conclusion, considering the wide range of conflicting empirical studies on how foreign direct investment in developing countries affect the rate of aggregate growth, distribution of income, employment and some non-economic indicators like culture and political structures, one cannot draw conclusions from them with any minimal acceptable level of confidence. Perhaps the warning of Arthur Nwankwo is appropriate in this context where he warned that no nation could provide for the welfare of its citizens as long as its economy is fettered. More so, many studies have shown that multinational corporations are highly adaptive social agents and therefore, the degree to which foreign direct investment helps or hurts a developing country will be heavily influenced by the policy choice of the host country. 3. 0 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 3. 1MODEL SPECIFICATION The under listed variables are used in building the model. FDIForeign Direct Investments GFCF Gross Fixed Capital Formation GDPGross Domestic Product llPIndex of Industrial Production The models will therefore be: GPD = b0 + b1FDI + u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (equation 1) GFCF b0 + b1FDI + u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (equation 2) lIP = bo + b1FDI +u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (equation 3) These models, which are used in gauging and assessing the performance of the economy, make the economic indicators functions of the level of cumulative foreign direct investment. If we assume a linear relationship (logarithm), then the model equations become. Log GPD= b0 + b1Iog FDI + u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (equation 1) Log GFCF= b0 + b1log FDI + u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (equation 2) Log lIP= b0 + b1log FDI + u†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (equation 3) Fromthe model Log GOP=b0 + b1 FDI Log GOP=0. 159 + 1. 237 log FDI Standard Error (Se)=0. 158 Correlation coefficient (r)=0. 99 t1=1. 03 t2=0. 037 3. 2 Interpretation of Results The first noticeable thing about the above result is that Gross Domestic Product is positively related to foreign direct investments. The responsiveness of GDP to FDI to 1. 237 indicates that a one percent increase in foreign direct investment leads to a more than proportionate increase of 1. 24 percent in gross domestic product. A correlation coefficient of 0. 9 indicates a very strong relationship between economic growth (measured by GDP) and foreign direct investments, thus leading to the rejection of our alternative hypothesis and acceptance of our null hypothesis, which states that there is a relationship between foreign, direct investment and economic growth. Also, a test of the significance of the intercept and gradient of our model is found to be statistically significant through a test of standard error. Thus given that: H0 : a = 0 H1 : a + 0, for significance of intercept And H0 = 0 H1 : B + 0, for significance of gradient. For t1 since the computed value of 1. 02 is less than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H1 and accept H0 which states that there is a relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. For t2 since the computed value of 0. 037 is less than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H1 and accept H0 which states that there is a relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. From the model Log GFCF=b0 + b1 FDI Log GFCF=0781 + 0. 873 log FDI Standard Error (Se)=0. 199 Correlation coefficient (r)=0. 95 Tl=9. 41 t2=41. 57 3. 3 Interpretation of Results The results from this model shows that there exist a direct functional relationship between foreign direct investment and standard of living, such that the elasticity of gross fixed capital formation with respect to foreign direct investment is 0. 873. A correlation coefficient of 0. 95 indicates a very strong relationship between foreign direct investment and gross fixed capital formation (which could be used as a measure of standard of living). Also, a test of the significance of the intercept and gradient of our model is found to be statistically significant through a test of standard error. Thus given that H0 : a = 0 H1: a + 0, for significance of intercept And H0: B = 0 H1 : B + 0, for significance of gradient For t1 since the computed value of 9. 41 is greater than 2. 042 (value from 1 table), we reject H0 and accept H, which states that the inflow of foreign direct investment has not affected the standard of living of Nigerians. For 12 since the computed value of 41. 57 is greater than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H0 and accept H, which states that the inflow of foreign direct investment has not affected the standard of living of Nigerians. 3. 4 Interpretation of Results The above results show a positive relationship between foreign direct investment and industrial production. The elasticity of the index of industrial production with respect to foreign direct investments of 0. 14 indicates that one percent increase in foreign direct investment will lead to fourteen percent increase in the level of industrial output. The coefficient of explanatory variable of foreign direct investment is also significant, statistically at 8. 5 percent. The correlation coefficient of 0. 78 shows high positive relationship between foreign direct investment and index of industrial output. Also, a test of the significance of the intercept and gradient of our model is found to be statistically significant through a test of standard error. Thus given that: Ho:a = 0 H1 : a + 0, for significance of intercept And H0 : B= 0 H1 : B + 0, for significance of gradient. For t1 since the computed value of 936 is greater than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H0 and accept H, which states that the inflow of foreign direct investment is not associated with the rate of increase in index of industrial production. For t2 since the computed value of 7. 05 is greater than 2. 42 (value from t table), we reject H0 and accept H1 4. 0 CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 1 CONCLUSION Given the above situation and the fact that Nigeria’s economic recovery efforts and growth requires major private sector investment in modern equipments that can industrialize the agricultural sector and the economy as a whole, then the Nigeria’s foreign investment policy should move towa rds attracting and encouraging more inflows of foreign capital by moving ahead with economic programmes that includes measures easier set-up and expansion of businesses. In the years ahead, Nigeria (and many other African and third world countries) in trying to pave way for more foreign direct investment faces greater problems, especially with poor external image problem and particularly the concept of European Economic Unity that includes Eastern Europe. This translate to the fact that investment flows that would ordinarily have come from countries of surplus capital like Western Europe to capital deficient countries like Nigeria would now be going to poor European Economic Communities which includes Eastern Europe. Except African countries are able to adopt new strategies, this development will further compound the crises of under-development confronting countries like Nigeria. A very important challenge of management in the coming years would therefore be the development of indigenous technology and entrepreneurial capabilities as the involvement of multinational companies in our economy may dwindle as a result of new bigger and attractive opportunities that are likely to emerge from Europe. With the up and down movement of foreign direct investment, Nigeria needs to juxtapose foreign investment with domestic investment in order to maintain high levels of income and employment. The problem therefore does not lie so much with the magnitude of investment flows to Nigeria as with the form in which it Is given. We could emphasize that foreign investment cannot contribute much to the economic development of Nigeria if it is directed primarily to capital supply than to investment projects. Foreign investment can be very effective if it is directed at improving and expanding managerial and labour skills. In other words, the task of helping a â€Å"poor beggar† can be made less generous and yet more fruitful if it is directed at teaching him a trade rather than giving him food to eat. The analysis presented in this work does not offer a simple version of multinational corporation investment in Nigeria because the picture in complex. Foreign direct investment can make a valuable contribution to third world countries’ development in general and Nigeria in particular, but not all foreign direct investment doe so. Greater flows of investment fund’s climate in the Nigeria economy are important but a good investment climate is not synonymous with what multinational corporation prizes most. In conclusion, in order to further improve the climate for foreign investment in Nigeria, the government must appreciate the fact that the basic element in any successful development strategy should be to encourage domestic investors first before going after foreign investors, considering the fact that they constitute the bulk of investment activities in the economy. Thus, the most effective strategy for attracting foreign investment is to make the Nigerian economy very attractive to Nigerian investors first. 4. 2 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The following policies are hereby recommended to policy makers and government, if it is desired that foreign investment contribute to the growth and development of Nigeria. ? The Nigerian government should encourage the inflows of foreign direct investment and contact policy institutions that can ensure the transparency of the operations of foreign companies within the economy. In evaluating foreign direct investment, the screening process should be simplified and improved upon. For example, export investment projects that consistently generate positive contribution to national income can be screened separately and swiftly, while projects in import competing industries should be screened separately. ? Efforts should be made to engage in joint ventures that are beneficial to the economy. Joint ventures provide for a set of complementary or reciprocating matching undertakings, which may include a variety of packages ranging from providing the capital to technical cooperation. The government should intensify the policy to acquire, adopt, generate and use the acquired technology to develop its industrial sectors. ? Efforts should continue, this time with more vigor at ensuring consistency in policy objectives and instruments through a good implementation strategy as well as good sense of discipline, understanding and cooperation among the policy makers. ? The Nigerian government needs to come up with more friendly economic policies and business environment, which will, attracts FDI into virtually all the sectors of the economy. The Nigerian government needs to embark on capital project, which will enhance the infrastructural facilities with which foreign investors can build on. ? The current indigenization policy should be pursued to the letter as a way of preventing absolute foreign ownership in the key sector of the economy. ? The Nigeria government should also carry out the liberalization of all the sector of the economy so as to attract foreign investor s, so that the current efficiency and growth noticed in the telecommunication sector can also be enjoyed there. For Nigeria to generate more foreign direct investments, efforts should be made at solving the problems of government involvement in business; relative closed economy; corruption; weak public institutions; and poor external image. It is therefore advised that the government continues with its privatization programme, external image laundry, seriousness and openness in the fight against corruption, and signing of more trade agreements. REFERENCE Ahmed A. (1993) Strategies for foreign investment in Nigeria. A central Bank perspective Economic and Financial Review volume 26. Ajayi S. I. (1992) An Economic Analysis of Capital flight from Nigeria: World Bank Working Paper series No 993. Aremu, J. A(1997) Foreign private investment: Issues, determinants and performance. Paper presented at a workshop on foreign investment policy and practice, organized by the Nigeria institute of Advance legal studies, Lagos, March Arthur, Nwankwo (1981) Can Nigeria survive 4th dimension publication. Enugu. Berham N. J. (1970) National Interests and Multinational Enterprise: Tensions among the North – Atlantic Counties. Engle Wood Clifts: Prentize Hall. Bhattachary A, Montie P. J and Shame (1997) How can sub-saharan African attract more private capital in flow. Buckley P & Casson M. (1976) The future of multination enterprises: Macmillan press Limited, London. Caves R. E. (1988) Exchange rate movement and foreign direct investment in the United State, New York University Press. Classens S. (1993) Portfolio Capital flows: Hot or Cold? The World Bank Economic Review Vol. 9, No1 page 153-174. Drucker P. F. (1974) Multinationals and developing countries: myths and Realities. Foreign affairs No. 53. Dunning J. H. (1994) Re-evaluating the benefits of foreign direct investment, Transnational Corporations, Vol. 3, February, No 1, 23-51. Federal Republic of Nigeria (1988) industrial policy of Nigeria: Policies, Incentives, Guidelines and Institutional frame work. Federal Ministry of Industries, Abuja. Fernandez – Arias, E. (1996) The new wave of capital inflows: push or poll? Journal of Development Economics Vol. 48, 389 – 418. Frost K. and Stein J. C (1991) Exchange rates and foreign direct investment: an imperfect capital market approach. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 4, No 4, 1191-1217. Hartman D. G. (1984) Tax Policy and foreign direct investment in the United States. National tax journal, Vol. 34, No 4, December, 175 – 488. International Monetary Fund (1985) Foreign private investment in developing countries. A study by the international monetary fund research Department. Occasional paper No 33. Meier G. M. (1984) leading issues in economic Development. Oxford University Press, 4th edition. Mahmoud M. I. (1986) The Determinants of foreign investment in African countries, Dakar, Senegal. Nigerian Economic Society (1988) Rekindling Investment for economic Development in Nigeria. Selected papers for the annual conference. Nwankwo G. O. (1988) foreign Private Capital flows to Nigeria 1970 – 1983, Economic and financial Review. Volume 28, March. OjO . M. O. (1988) Nigeria Economic Crisis: Causes, Solutions and Prospects. A paper delivered at the AHQ garrison annual officers training, April. Stephen J. K. (1997) Foreign Direct investment, Industrialisation and social change. Contemporary studies in Economic and financial Analysis. Vol. 9, JAI Press, Greenwich connecticut.

Causes and Effects of the Romantic Period Essay

Romanticism has very little to do with things popularly thought of as â€Å"romantic,† although love may occasionally be the subject of romantic art. Rather, it is an international artistic and philosophical movement that redefined the fundamental ways in Western cultures thought about themselves and about their world (Melani). In the early seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the enlightment, reason, revolution, age of science and technology created a history that could not be compared to any other time. Political, scientific, social and philosophical upheavals were a new part of an improved world. The romantic period was bought to England through these events which created a whole new world. The romantic period in England began in the early 17th century; Historians argued over the end of the period. The literature of this time is now considered to have lasted into the 1870’s. There are many major concepts that created the ideas written about by writers of the romantic period (Horst). The imagination was elevated to a position as the supreme faculty of the mind (Melani). The Romantics labeled imagination as creativity. It created a new way of art feeling and reasoning. Humans began to see the world with a different appearance. â€Å"Nature† meant many things to the Romantics (Melani). Nature was used as meditation in romantic poetry; it was itself in art. Nature was not viewed as science but as organically unified whole. Symbolism and myth were given great prominence in the Romantic conception of the art (Melani). In the period of Romanticism humans believed symbolism made their art more meaningful. Myth was brought by symbol through the language in art. Other aspects of Romanticism were intertwined with the above three concepts (Melani). Imagination brought importance to feeling and greater attention to the self view in art. Literary history turned poetry into powerful emotions. In Romantic theory, art was valuable for what one saw in them not for what the world viewed. Consequently, the romantics sought to define their goals through systematic contrast with norms of â€Å"Versailles neoclassicism† (Melani). Music changed the behavior of human characteristics and individual activities. People viewed themselves different than others. No one wanted to be alike and they expressed it. The Romantics asserted the  importance of the in individual, the unique, even the eccentric (Melani). Religion was forced but during the romantic period people began to reject it and instead chose their own way of life. The attitude of many of the romantics to the everyday, social world around them was complex. They used colors that were always seen but as techniques advanced, so did their colors. Their art form was not based off legends anymore but off their common language. The Romantics were ambivalent towards the â€Å"real† social world around them (Melani). Artist began to pull themselves away from the public. Through their own emotions they intercepted finally it should be noted that the revolutionary energy underlying the Romantic Movement affected not just literature, but all of the arts – – from music (consider the rise of Romantic opera) to painting, from sculpture to architecture (Melani). The different types of arts that grew during this period spr ead to the rest of the world. The Atlantic side manifested the great landscape painters. The American Revolution, between 1775-1783, was the first war fought for the â€Å"Rights of Men.† It was ideas expressed in the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† and the â€Å"Constitution† that explains the â€Å"Enlightened† ideas why revolutions are sometimes necessary (Horst). Based on these new  thoughts a nation was built. The first of these ideas was that â€Å"All men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Locke). The government was created with only the power that the people in the state give it. During the American Revolution the sugar act, stamp act, and tea act were created. The sugar imported from West Indies was increased. Many items and documents required stamps; price was rosin for the colonies to pay defense. In Boston Harbor colonist dressed as Indians dumped tea over board from three ships. The French Revolution was the product of social, economic, and religious political conditions. The social cause of the French revolution was that the hard working class had to give the money they earned to finance the foreign wars. The working class was also the treasury that repaid the nations debt. The working class created the oppressive rule of the monarchist regime. It was successful in helping France from foreign invaders but it was unfair to the general public. The economic cause of the French Revolution was that basic necessities and bread prices were taxed very high for the working class so that they can keep the finance government running. Religion was a big role in the French Revolution. During this time, the nobles and priest who took power over the people to maintain their nobility distorted the principles of Christianity. As a result, religion was blamed for their injustice and was seen as one of the causes that led to the revolt. Society divided into segments. People were told that if they were not in the working class they were a part of the nobles and clergy literature. There was no freedom of speech which affected the nature of literature in expression. Literature at this time was quite restrained. The nobles and the clergy had all the literature material. Art and literature began to take a new turn when the spirit of the revolution caught the nation. Writers at the time were waiting for the right moment to unleash their work. Under a new law the artists and writers were given an amount of freedom to express themselves. The Industrial Revolution created a new world. During this time new technology was created; women and children worked the machinery. Later, children were given an opportunity to childhood. As an escape of the industrial revolution, romantic writes wrote about feelings, dreams, and fairytales. Romanticism determined the real art in literature, music, and visual expression. The romantic period created a new era for England. Literature such as poetry was expressed with feeling. Art was viewed with different ideas and new colors. Creators used imagination through the beauty of nature. Things began to evolve which created a whole new. Essay on Author’s Life, Work and Criticisms Mary Wollstonecraft lived a remarkable life. She â€Å"left her footprints on the stand of time† (Footprints). Wollstonecraft was one of the first advocates for the equal rights for women. Her life spanned the early years of the Age of Revolutions. Mary, born into a wealthy family, was raised with an education only offered to the most important families. Her intellectual, social and inquisitive mind would make her one of the most influential authors in English literature (Horst). Her life, work, and criticism formed the ideas she persuaded in her most famous pieces of writing, â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights to Woman.† Wollstonecraft was born in London in 1759. When she was nineteen she left home and began her own life. Later, Wollstonecraft installed a school at Newington Green. In 1787 she started her literary career. She was hired as a translator and literary advisor for Joseph Johnson. Wollstonecraft became a regular contributor of articles once Johnson’s Analytical Revolution was out. In 1791 two events took place that promoted Wollstonecraft to write her A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Cengage). The new French Constitution and the report on education assist her on writing â€Å"A Vindication  of the Rights of Woman.† She dedicated the beginning part of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman to Tallyerand-Perigord asking him to rethink his ideas about education for woman. Wollstonecraft wrote to many other people standing up for the value of woman and their rights. She felt that they shouldn’t just be viewed as a hopeless houses wife but as an individual willing to succeed in civilized work. In â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman† Wollstonecraft talks a great deal about power – in terms of the statuesque, in regards to women to have power not over men but over themselves (Cengage). â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman† was much acclaimed in radical political circles when it was published, but it also attracted considerable hostility (Cengage). For most of the ninetieth century the book was ignored. It was said to be to a disgrace. In the late twentieth century Wollstonecraft’s treatise was founded as the work of feminism. The author’s attitudes towards the subjects in her book made her book foundational feminist text. Horace Walpole called Wollstonecraft a hyena in petticoats because her work on the book had scandalous reputation. Mary Wollstonecraft was a remarkable woman. She wrote a book called â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman† to help people view women differently. Although authors did not like the subjects in her book it help give the sport to women in the world today. â€Å"I was born for something greater than I was – – and greater I would become, but greatness at last to my distorted perceptions, was no necessary associate of goodness, and my wild thoughts were unchecked by moral considerations when they rioted in dreams of distinction.† (Shelly). Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was a feminist only insofar as she followed her mother’s ideas about unrestricted education for woman and equality with in a marriage (victorianweb). She wrote â€Å"Frankenstein† and became known as one of the most important authors in the early 1800’s. She struggled through most of her life but it never stopped her from being one of the famous authors in literature. Her life, work and criticism help form her structure in writing. Mary was born August 30, 1791 and died in the year of 1851. Mary was raised by her step mother and her father. The step mom did not want her show any of her mother’s principles. Mary didn’t like her step mother because she saw what her mother had not been. Mary was taught to read and write at home. She was encouraged by her father to use her imagination. She started scribbling at a young age. She used her father’s  library and sat quietly listening to her father’s discussions over political, philosophical, scientific, and literary things. Later she reunited with her mother in London but her father found out and forbidden her from seeing her mother. Mary’s first baby was born February 22, 1815 and died two week later. She than gave birth to two other kids. Mary Shelley’s novel called â€Å"Frankenstein† also known as â€Å"The Modern Prometheus† was published in March 1818. She started writing this novel at the age of nineteen. The novel opens up with a letter. Robert Walton sends a letter to his sister in England. In the first part of this novel Victor tells his story. He talks about his childhood and his sister. He gives some information on his education but mostly about what he has been though and how much he loves his sister. Laura Claridge says that she created Frankenstein based off of her troubles in family relationships. She says that Victor was created off being neglected in childhood but Shelley says he is nurturing and warm with family. She says that the story is supported well. The theme to her was based off of connections to Shelley’s own life story just in a different way and setting. Over all the story had viewed Shelley as a victim as being neglected which might have affected her in the long run but helped her create a well written story. Mary Shelley created a great novel. Even though lots of things that accrued during her life time affected her she didn’t let that stop her from expressing in literature. She became a great writer though the work of her mother. Essay of Analysis’s of both Author’s Work Mary Wollstonecraft wrote â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights to Woman† to help give women the right to be seen as more than the one who cares for the home. She didn’t like the idea of not letting women be involved in education. She didn’t think it was fair she wanted them to be treated equally. Women could be more than what they were seen to do because they had no one to speck up for them Mary Wollstonecraft did what she though what was best and wrote a book that would be remembered for life. Her novel includes hyperbole, symbol, and repetition as her literary devices. Mary Wollstonecraft used hyperbole as a one of her many literary devices. One of the themes that she used to provide this literary device was liberalism. Liberalism rests on description between the public and private spheres, maintaining that the state guarantees rights and leaves families to make their own choices (Phelan P.3). Mary Wollstonecraft didn’t want property to be undesirable she just wanted woman to be financially independent instead of always have to wait for everything through their husband and be stuck at home. Symbol is also a part of this theme. Her symbol was women. She didn’t want women to have all the power in the world. She wanted them to be viewed equal. To her men only viewed them as â€Å"innocent, delicate, feminine, and beautiful† of courses women are truth to this factor but they weren’t seen for what they could do if they had the chance. (Phelan P.1). The two themes that were tied into repetition are education reform and the need for a revolution in female manners. In chapter three, Wollstonecraft writes, â€Å"It is time to effect a revolution in the female manners – time to restore to them their lost dignity – and make them, as a part of the human species, labour by reforming themselves to reform the world. It is time to separate unchangeable morals for local manners.† (Phelan P.2). In chapter thirteen she says again that women should be more involved in the mankind world everything has a value and women are as important as man. To her education was a great value. Education reform one of the themes in her novel also used repetition. Education wasn’t set to be for just men it was also be for women. She wanted boys and girls to be in a class room setting together she knew that girls and boys could both be taught the same things. Liberalism used hyperbole, symbol, and repetition. Wollstonecraft didn’t wont women to be labeled. She wanted girls to know that they weren’t created to be more or less then guys they were to be equal. Education was to key to success for women. She wrote the book hoping to let everyone know that no matter what gender you are you were always meant to be treated the same with all equal right and liberties. Her book opened the eyes of many people. Wollstonecraft had hyperbole, symbol, and repetition as her literary devices included in her novel. Women are not just a piece of art for men to view. If they were given a chance they could do more than men. Every in this world was created equal. With this mind setting later viewed things changed and gave women the chance to vote and be involved in more things than just being stuck at home. Marry Shelley’s story â€Å"Frankenstein† is about a man who created a creature that frightened everyone including himself. The book was and still  is a story that everyone is amazed by because of its imagination. She wrote Frankenstein in the summer of 1816 and later anonymously published in 1818; she had been inspired from all the things that occurred in her family. Marry Shelley included symbolism, imagery, and tone to create Frankenstein. Marry used light as a symbol for knowledge. Walton explains the secret of the universe to be unveiled in the North Pole which he describes as â€Å"a country of eternal lights (litchart). In the book, Victor feels like he accomplished something when â€Å"a light had broken upon him† there for again using light as a symbol of knowledge. Marry also uses fire; fire was the one thing a person wasn’t supposed to have according to Greek mythology because it was something that only belonged to the Gods. He was punished for â€Å"playing God† when making the creature. His family was singled out and killed it was a similar way of prolonged torture. Fire appears throughout the novel as a dangerous focused used for sustenance and punishment (litchart). Mary Shelley uses a lot of descriptive words in telling the story. She uses imagery throughout her whole story. She tells the story in a way where we can see it all that happening. Victor is the narrator in the story; he’s telling the story whole story to Walton. The way it is described creates suspense for the reader. If Mary Shelley didn’t use imagery in her book we wouldn’t be able to imagine the characters. The tone used in her story varies through what’s going on in the book. The tones that the story has are romantic, gothic, tragic, and fatalistic; all these tones are what help create a great story like Frankenstein. Romantic tone is used as an affect to nature. The story ties into begin gothic because of all the supernatural and creepy events that happen throughout the novel. Sadness is how the tragic tone is part of the story because people loose their loved ones. The biggest tragedy is the monster has no outlet for his feeling of benevolence towar ds humanity (shmoop). A sense of fatalism is used in the novel when people seem to be predestined; one single act sets them in motion. Mary was able to create a wonderful story because of those literary devices. With her wild and creative imagination she was able to fascinate us. Mary refers to light by using fire for symbolism; she uses descriptive words to create imagery and different tones to help put feeling in her book. Brief Conclusion Summarizing all the Ideas of the Paper The Romantic Period was of great help to England. It created know ways of expression in literature. Mary Wollstonecraft and her daughter Escobar 15 became great writers thanks to the changes that happened in the Romantic Period. Marry Wollstonecraft who wrote â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights to Woman† was of great help to us women. Thanks to her novel we were able to be seen an equal individual with the right to work, vote, and receive an education to became some one in life. She used literacy devices to help her create her novel. Marry Shelley became a great writer as well thanks to her mother. She wrote â€Å"Frankenstein† a novel that is still used today. She had good imagination and created her novel. Literature experience changes during the Romantic period which help create great novels in to day’s life. Work Cited Page(s) â€Å"A Biographical Sketch of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley† 24 Jan. 2003 http://www.victorian.web.org/previctorian/mshelley/bio.html â€Å"British Critic Review of Frankenstein† March 1818 http://www.rc.ud.edu/refrence â€Å"How did the industrial revolution affect the literature of the romantic period?† http://answer.yahoo.com/index?qid=20090327121140AA4FG â€Å"Frankenstein Summary† 22 Feb. 2012 http://www.encotes.com/frankenstein Escobar 16 â€Å"Frankenstein Study Guide – Mary Shelley – eNotes.com† 22 Feb. 2012 http://www.enotes.com/frankenstein â€Å"Interesting Facts & Information: Recent Articles.† http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/fance/causes-of-the-freanch- revolution/1044 7 March 2012 â€Å"Introduction: Mary Shelley Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Criticism.† 22 Feb. 2012 http://www.enotes.com â€Å"Presentation of Criticism of Frankenstein† www.peoetsform.com/papers/200_4.html Cengage, Gale. â€Å"Marry Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Criticism.† http://www.enotes.com/vindication-rights Woman-criticism/vindication-rights-woman-mar†¦ 22 March 2012 Horst,Suzanne. â€Å"How to Write Cause and Effect.† Tolleson Union High School. 5 March 2012. Leture Lombardi, Esther. â€Å"Romantic Period Where Did It All Begin?’’ About.com 9 Feb. 2012. Print. Martin, Kelly. Social Contract.† American History: About.com 27 Feb. 2012 Escobar 17 Phelan, Renee â€Å"Literary Summary: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, By Marry Wollstonecraft† http://reviews.wikinut.com Shelley, Mary. â€Å"Sites about Frankenstein: or, the Modern Prometheus† 22 March 2012 http://www.ipl.org/div/litrit.out.pl?ti=fra63 Scott, Walter. â€Å"Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine of Frankenstein, 1818† 20 March – 1 April 1818 http://www.rc.und.edu/refrences/chronologies/mshronology/reviews/ bemrev.html

Dcxcxc Essays

Dcxcxc Essays Dcxcxc Essay Dcxcxc Essay My name is Rich Amanda; I am an International student from India (Mohammedan, Gujarat). Back in India, I completed my Graduation in Bachelor of Commerce (B. COM). Moreover, I was pursuing Chartered Accountancy and completed Inter chartered Accountancy and did a specialization in Auditing with my father, who is also a Chartered Accountant. I worked as a Co-Accountant with under my fathers guidance and gained utmost practical accounting knowledge dealing with many companies books of accounts. And as Music Is one of my Hobbies, I worked as a Disc Jockey (DC) for 5 years back in India. This is regarding my past qualifications, from the time I started my college I was more interested in marketing field. I then decided to pursue Global Business Management from Centennial College. I am In the 2nd semester right now. Well to be precise enough, the mall objective or goal I want to achieve after graduating from Centennial College Is I should be capable enough to work for a well renowned company as a Manager or I should be well prepared to handle and engage my own business unit In future and should know every single In and out In the market. And of course, the college gives worth knowledge regarding my field of interest and without any doubt I can say that, Yes, I graduated from Centennial College and I am ready to tackle all the things that come across my Business. And at last I would say that, as you are our marketing professor, I would never miss any opportunity to get guidance from you and would love to gain effective and superior knowledge from your end In this subject. Thank you. BY Incapacitation books of accounts. And as Music is one of my Hobbies, I worked as a Disc Jockey (DC) from Centennial College. I am in the 2nd semester right now. Well to be precise enough, the main objective or goal I want to achieve after graduating from Centennial College is I should be capable enough to work for a well manage my own business unit in future and should know every single in and out in interest and without any doubt I can say that, miss, I graduated from Centennial superior knowledge from your end in this subject.

Improvement, Integration and Innovation

Improvement, Integration and Innovation The current economic crisis is forcing companies to streamline their operations. It means high unemployment rate and the creation of a negative economic climate. The lack of commitment from investors to pour money into the economy helps explain why a financial crisis is also called a depression.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Improvement, Integration and Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, it is imperative that government and business people must develop strategies to end the economic recession. It is therefore essential for companies to continually think about improvement, integration and innovation. These concepts would enable organisations to counteract the effect of recession. Although it is important to focus on the core issues that plague a company. It is no longer enough to focus on internal problems and develop solutions that are designed to remedy only the challenges faced by the compa ny. In the 21st century it is essential to think globally. A company CEO with limited vision cannot survive in a business climate that is severely affected by outsourcing and price wars as a direct result of competitive forces. Without a doubt the supply chain management strategies have been transformed dramatically in the past few decades. The rapid interconnections brought about by radical changes in telecommunication and transportation technology has increased interconnections between continents. As a result even Third World countries can greatly impact the economic climate of highly industrialised nations. There is now a high level of interdependence never before seen since the advent of the modern era. Companies that were established in the UK, US and Europe can play the outsourcing game. These companies can also build factories in China or. But for companies that do not have the capital required to branch out overseas there is no other course of action except to find a way to improve, integrate and innovate. Continuous Improvement An organisation that has aversion to change will soon find itself irrelevant and obsolete. Consider for instance the companies that sold typewriters, steam engines, beepers, and transistor radios.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was a time when these gadgets were indispensable. There are still companies that still manufacture or sell these equipment but unless they have established a relationship with select group of customers then there is no way that they can make a profit. In the age of computers and the Internet it is safe to say that this planet has become obsessed with technological breakthroughs on a regular basis. There is no sign that this trend can be reversed. It is a new way of doing things; an economic phenomenon that has to be understood by all. According to one commentary: Just when manage rs think they have developed a strategy for future success, a new technology, process, competitor or customer behavioural pattern emerges. While a sharp focus and â€Å"sticking to the knitting† are sometimes the key to success in more stable conditions, the turbulent knowledge-driven markets of today require dynamic new strategic management approaches and tools (Leibold, Probst, Gibbert, 2005, p. 14). In other words it is crucial to embrace change and to seek ways on how to change the old way of doing things. If managers are afraid to take risks or unwilling to learn new things then their respective businesses will fail because these will become irrelevant in the 21st century. Continues improvement must therefore begin with continuous learning. An organisation must improve on the basis of Information Technology. There must be continuous improvement when it comes to storage and retrieval of information. There must be continuous improvement when it comes to communication. An upgrade must also be expected from the Human Resources Department. Continuous improvement must also focus on resource allocation. Thus, it is crucial for an organisation to learn more about integration. Integration Integration can be understood as combination and amalgamation. This concept is nothing new. In the Industrial Revolution entrepreneurs learned how to build factories where the layout enables workers to be in close proximity with each other. This feature was helpful when it comes to assembling a particular product. It shortens the communication time and therefore problems can be solved much faster as compared to a layout where work units are located in different parts of the building.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Improvement, Integration and Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One good example of integration is a concept called Group Technology or GT. A significant feature of GT is the ability t o perform similar activities together and â€Å"would result to avoidance of wasteful actions because there is no need to shift from one unrelated activity to the next† (Hyer Wemmerlov, 1984, p.1). It can also be understood as the efficient storage and retrieval of information with regards to a recurring problem in the workplace and as a result it greatly reduces the time wasted in searching for pertinent information and solving the problem over and over again (Hyer Wemmerlov, 1984, p.1). GT can speed up the process of work and at the same time reduce the cost of production. An application of this principle is the creation of the flexible manufacturing system or FMS. According to business leaders who benefited from using FMS it is a system wherein â€Å"different types of raw parts enter the system at discrete points of time and are executed simultaneously, sharing a limited number of resources, such as robot, AGVs, machine tools, and buffers †¦ it can also be compute r controlled configuration where different operations can be processed† (Apolloni, 2007, p.656). Managers needed to improve on the weakness of traditional assembly-line method of manufacturing and hence the emergence of GT and FMS. The significance of GT and FMS can be greatly appreciated in the context of complicated manufacturing processes. Managers should analyze the supply chain management aspect of the operation and determine related activities. For example a cellular type of layout can be implemented wherein similar machine-types are placed in proximity to one another and therefore reduce throughput time. An application of FMS on the other hand is the investment in a computer system that provides central control of all the manufacturing activities of the factory. The said computer system can also provide an information database that workers can access without having to contact different personnel for different types of data. In this particular system improvement the flow of communication has been streamlined. Importance of Innovation Innovation is the key to sustainable growth because every product is prone to obsolescence. A sleek and much improved iPhone of this generation will be viewed as a useless piece of junk 50 years from now. Innovation can spell the difference between bankruptcy and continuous growth. Companies that are unwilling to invest in innovation cannot expect to remain relevant for long. Most of the time corporate leaders in these organisations are not aware that their company are no longer competitive. Sony’s Walkman comes to mind when it comes to the topic of obsolescence. Sony’s amazing colour TV sets of the 1980s and 1990s have to give way to flat screen TVs with LED technology. It was easy for Sony’s previous CEOs to rest on their laurels. It is a challenge to always consider continuous improvement that would lead to innovation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After all, the company was reaping huge dividends from these products. But sooner than expected upstart companies are able to develop new products that revolutionised the way people use music and video. The history of business is filled with great companies that used to be influential and profitable but left no trace of their former glory. Today, it is a matter of life and death to incorporate innovation strategies into the corporate mindset and according to experts in this field, â€Å"Put very simply, innovation is a survival imperative† (Seebode Harkin, 2009, p.1). The present success of the company cannot be relied upon to produce future success. A breakthrough product today can easily be copied in a few months or years and soon thereafter the novelty of the product wears off. The present value of the company is also not a security against future challenges especially when confronted with a competitor with better products and services. Thus, managers must realise that ev en if there is enough assets to build structures and hire people, the true asset of the company is in the knowledge on how to deal with the future. It is therefore unwise to play defence all the time and have the mindset of protecting the assets of the company. It is also imperative to invest in the creation of innovative products and services. However, managers must not only be armed with the motivation to succeed but also the needed skills on how to coach employees to work together to develop something significant in order to catapult the organisation to the next level. Nevertheless, the path towards innovation is paved with great intentions but littered with poorly designed products. All business leaders would love to have the benefits of innovation but if they are not willing to pay the price then innovation is impossible. There is a steep price to pay for change. The first thing that has to be done is to develop the correct mindset that in turn would force the managers to take the road less travelled. The next major step towards innovation is the need for a courageous and visionary leader able to enforce a culture of innovation within the company (Tidd Bessant, 2009, p.100). It is also important not to look the impact of an appropriate organisation design, because without it, creativity, learning, and interaction will never happen and these are key ingredients to innovation (Tidd Bessant, 2009, p.100). In addition, corporate leaders and business managers must be able to identify key personnel that can be resource persons or delegate authorities who can rally a team to generate ideas and implement the same (Tidd Bessant, 2009, p.100). Furthermore, the work done towards innovation must not be sporadic, it must be continuous. This mindset can only be achieved if there is an appropriate climate that will support this kind of behaviour (Tidd Bessant, 2009, p.100). Finally, the group must not only focus on the needs of the organisation but more importantly the needs of the customers. If a manager will incorporate all the strategic management principles discussed earlier regarding the need for continuous improvement, integration and innovation, the end result is a system called Concurrent Engineering. In a traditional manufacturing scheme, managers adopt an assembly line approach where the designers are the first to make the first move then they pass on what they have completed to the manufacturing engineers. Designers create a prototype and when it is approved the factory mass-produces the product. The marketing people are then tasked to sell the said product. It is a serial development process wherein â€Å"†¦people from different departments work one after the other on successive phases of development† (Stark, 1998). The finished product reaches the target market and in many instances the product is returned for defects or the product is judge to be of poor design even before it comes out of the factory. In other words i t takes a long time before managers and designers are aware of the problem. Concurrent engineering enables business leaders to see a prototype at the earliest possible date and the designers are able to receive the needed feedback without delay. The customers are not the only people that can spot potential problems. Designers from other departments can provide feedback. Members of the marketing department can inform the designers that there is a problem when it comes to the overall design. Other stakeholders can identify problematic issues when it comes to storage, packaging etc. Therefore, a full production cycle is not wasted from design, to prototype, manufacturing and marketing. Conclusion Companies can react in two different ways when it comes to an economic recession. Business leaders can outsource or build factories where labour is cheap. But for those who cannot afford to move their operations overseas and find it impractical to outsource, then there is no other option but t o adapt continuous improvement strategies that would result in higher levels of integration. In order to succeed in a globalised economy it is also imperative not only to seek improvement and integration, it is also crucial to produce innovative products and services. Combining all of these principles a workable model can be produced such as Concurrent Engineering. References Apolloni, B. (2007). Knowledge-based Intelligent Information and Engineering  Systems. UK: Springer. Hyer, N. U. Wemmberlov. (1984). Group Technology and Productivity. Web. Leibold, M., Probst, G. Gibbert, M. (2005). Strategic Management in the  Knowledge Economy: New Approaches and Business Applications. New York: Publicis Corporate Publishing. Seebode, D. G. Harkin. (2009). Radical Innovations at Philips Lighting. Web. Stark, J. (1998). A few words about Concurrent Engineering. Web. Tidd, J. J. Bessant. (2009). Managing Innovation, Integrating Technological,  Market Organizational. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons.

Indonesiaâ€History and Geography

Indonesia- History and Geography Indonesia has begun to emerge as an economic power in Southeast Asia, as well as a newly democratic nation. Its long history as the source of spices coveted around the world shaped Indonesia into the multi-ethnic and religiously diverse nation that we see today. Although this diversity causes friction at times, Indonesia has the potential to become a major world power. Capital and Major Cities Capital Jakarta, pop. 9,608,000 Major Cities Surabaya, pop. 3,000,000 Medan, pop. 2,500,000 Bandung, pop. 2,500,000 Serang, pop. 1,786,000 Yogyakarta, pop. 512,000 Government The Republic of Indonesia is centralized (non-federal) and features a strong President who is both Head of State and Head of Government. The first direct presidential election took place only in 2004; the president can serve up to two 5-year terms. The tricameral legislature consists of the Peoples Consultative Assembly, which inaugurates and impeaches the president and amends the constitution but does not consider legislation; the 560-member House of Representatives, which creates legislation; and the 132-member House of Regional Representatives who provide input on legislation that affects their regions. The judiciary includes not only a Supreme Court and Constitutional Court but also a designated Anti-Corruption Court. Population Indonesia is home to over 258 million people. It is the fourth most populous nation on Earth (after China, India and the US). Indonesians belong to more than 300 ethnolinguistic groups, most of which are Austronesian in origin. The largest ethnic group is the Javanese, at almost 42% of the population, followed by the Sundanese with just over 15%. Others with more than 2 million members each include: Chinese (3.7%), Malay (3.4%), Madurese (3.3%), Batak (3.0%), Minangkabau (2.7%), Betawi (2.5%), Buginese (2.5%), Bantenese (2.1%), Banjarese (1.7%), Balinese (1.5%) and Sasak (1.3%). Languages of Indonesia Across Indonesia, people speak the official national language of Indonesian, which was created after independence as a lingua franca from Malay roots. However, there are more than 700 other languages in active use throughout the archipelago, and few Indonesians speak the national language as their mother tongue. Javanese is the most popular first language, boasting 84 million speakers. It is followed by Sundanese and Madurese, with 34 and 14 million speakers, respectively. The written forms of Indonesias multitude of languages may be rendered in modified Sanskrit, Arabic or Latin writing systems. Religion Indonesia is the worlds largest Muslim country, with 86% of the population professing Islam. In addition, almost 9% of the population is Christian, 2% are Hindu, and 3% are Buddhist or animist. Nearly all of the Hindu Indonesians live on the island of Bali; most of the Buddhists are ethnic Chinese. The Constitution of Indonesia guarantees freedom of worship, but the state ideology specifies a belief in only one God. Long a commercial hub, Indonesia acquired these faiths from traders and colonizers. Buddhism and Hinduism came from Indian merchants; Islam arrived via Arab and Gujarati traders. Later, the Portuguese introduced Catholicism and the Dutch Protestantism. Geography With more than 17,500 islands, of which more than 150 are active volcanoes, Indonesia is one of the most geographically and geologically interesting countries on Earth. It was the site of two famous nineteenth-century eruptions, those of Tambora and Krakatau, as well as being the epicenter of the 2004 Southeast Asian tsunami. Indonesia covers about 1,919,000 square kilometers (741,000 square miles). It shares land borders with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and East Timor. The highest point in Indonesia is Puncak Jaya, at 5,030 meters (16,502 feet); the lowest point is sea level. Climate Indonesias climate is tropical and monsoonal, although the high mountain peaks can be quite cool. The year is divided into two seasons, the wet and the dry. Because Indonesia sits astride the equator, temperatures do not vary much from month to month. For the most part, coastal areas see temperatures in the mid to upper 20s Celsius (the low to mid-80s Fahrenheit) throughout the year. Economy Indonesia is the economic powerhouse of Southeast Asia, a member of the G20 group of economies. Although it is a market economy, the government owns significant amounts of the industrial base following the 1997 Asian financial crisis. During the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, Indonesia was one of the few nations to continue its economic growth. Indonesia exports petroleum products, appliances, textiles, and rubber. It imports chemicals, machinery, and food. The per capita GDP is about $10,700 US (2015). Unemployment is only 5.9% as of 2014; 43% of Indonesians work in industry, 43% in services, and 14% in agriculture. Nonetheless, 11% live below the poverty line. History of Indonesia Human history in Indonesia goes back at least 1.5-1.8 million years, as shown by the fossil Java Man - a Homo erectus individual discovered in 1891. Archaeological evidence suggests that Homo sapiens had walked across Pleistocene land bridges from the mainland by 45,000 years ago. They may have encountered another human species, the hobbits of the island of Flores; the exact taxonomic placement of the diminutive Homo floresiensis is still up for debate. Flores Man seems to have become extinct by 10,000 years ago. The ancestors of most modern Indonesians reached the archipelago around 4,000 years ago, arriving from Taiwan, according to DNA studies. Melanesian peoples already inhabited Indonesia, but they were displaced by the arriving Austronesians across much of the archipelago. Early Indonesia Hindu kingdoms sprang up on Java and Sumatra as early as 300 BCE, under the influence of traders from India. By the early centuries CE, Buddhist rulers controlled areas of those same islands, as well. Not much is known about these early kingdoms, due to the difficulty of access for international archaeological teams. In the 7th century, the powerful Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya arose on Sumatra. It controlled much of Indonesia until 1290 when it was conquered by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Although large in size, Majapahit was more interested in controlling trade routes than in territorial gains. Meanwhile, Islamic traders introduced their faith to Indonesians in the trade ports around the 11th century. Islam slowly spread throughout Java and Sumatra, although Bali remained majority Hindu. In Malacca, a Muslim sultanate ruled from 1414 until it was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. Colonial Indonesia The Portuguese took control of parts of Indonesia in the sixteenth century but did not have enough power to hang on to their colonies there when the much wealthier Dutch decided to muscle in on the spice trade beginning in 1602. Portugal was confined to East Timor. Nationalism and Independence Throughout the early 20th century, nationalism grew in the Dutch East Indies. In March of 1942, the Japanese occupied Indonesia, expelling the Dutch. Initially welcomed as liberators, the Japanese were brutal and oppressive, catalyzing nationalist sentiment in Indonesia. After Japans defeat in 1945, the Dutch tried to return to their most valuable colony. The people of Indonesia launched a four-year independence war, gaining full freedom in 1949 with U.N. help. The first two presidents of Indonesia, Sukarno (r. 1945-1967) and Suharto (r. 1967-1998) were autocrats who relied upon the military to stay in power. Since 2000, however, Indonesias president s  have been selected through reasonably free and fair elections.

Consumer behaviors case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer behaviors case - Essay Example It seems that people are not ready for a change and that is the hardest part of the project. These are some of the facts that have contributed to the slow implementation of green marketing However, there are consumers who are loyal to the green products, believe in them, and know the benefits associated with green products. For this reason, companies should come up with strategies to incorporate green marketing. Companies ought to match the green products with the consumer’s traditional non-green products’ attributes, such as convenience, availability, price, quality, and performance. The green products should be available in nearby locations in such a way that the customers will not have to travel for long to look for the products. The green products should be available in shops that the non-green products used to be found. The price should be fair. That means that they green products should not be much expensive as compared to the non green products. Green products are more productive and of a higher quality than the non-green products. That information should be passed to the customers so that they can be attracted to the new products. The managers sh ould educated customers on the associated with the use of the green products and that will increase the sales of the green products. This will enable the consumer to relate with the products, as not much will have changed from their original package. The marketing strategies that the company adopts should also be right, with knowledge that different strategies work differently under different markets and competitive conditions. Managers should also understand the strategies and the reasons behind the strategies. Green marketing has not fulfilled its initial promise, but companies can take a more effective approach if they realize that a one-size-fits-all strategy does not exist. (JILL and PAUL 3) The company

Canda Health Care System Vs. United States Health Care system Research Paper

Canda Health Care System Vs. United States Health Care system - Research Paper Example In addition, it is publicly funded and administered on a provincial basis through the guidelines that are set by the federal government. The U.S health system, on the other hand, has both private and public insurers. However, the dominance of the private sector over the public sector is what makes this system unique all over the world (Singh & Shi, 2010, 27). Health care system in the U.S has been a subject of much polarizing debate. One extreme end is of people who argue that Americans have the best kind of healthcare system all over the world, while the other end argues that the American system is fragmented and inefficient with more suffering due to massive uninsuranced, administrative waste and uneven quality (NBER, 2012). Coincidentally, according to Canadian healthcare.org (2012), the Canada health system is also a subject of political controversy and debate in the country. Some citizens question the efficiency of the current system in delivering treatments in a timely fashion and advocates for a private system that is comparable to the U.S. The United States health care is availed by several entities, which are largely held and managed by the private sector (MacNeil/â€Å'Lehrer Productions). Essentially, the government offers health insurance in the public sector, with 65% of its provisions and spending emanating from programs such as Medicaid, Medicare, and Children’s Health Insurance among other healthcare programs. Majority of the people are insured by the employer; a small percent get the insurance on their own, while the rest are uninsured (Singh & Shi, 2010, 27). On the other hand, health care insurance in Canada is fully funded and provided by the federal government with much assistance coming from the private sector. It is mainly guided by the Canadian health act with the government assuring that quality health care is given through the federal

Cancer Registry Annual Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cancer Registry Annual Report - Coursework Example ology program will move, it evaluates the protocols and the quality of care available using both external and internal sources of data and puts forward recommendations that could help to bring about improvements to meet the required regulatory standards. The total number of patients treated for cancer this year was 590, of which 268 were male and 249 were female. Lung and breast cancer reported the highest incidence of cancer; among the males the highest incidences were of lung and colon cancer, while among the females, the highest incidences were of breast and cervical cancer. The largest number of all cancer types occurs between the ages of 41 to 60, followed by the ages 61 to 75. During the diagnosis stage, 262 cancer cases were localized, while 230 were regional. In most instances, i.e., 49 cases, diagnosis was made by bronchoscopy, while 22 were made by percutaneous biopsy. There has been a steady rise in the number of lung cancer cases from 2001 to 2005, with the steepest rise occurring between 2003-4. The most common age when a lung cancer diagnosis has been made is between the ages of 65 to 74. The Oncology standards at this hospital are quite high, because the primary purpose of the Oncology Committee is to direct and evaluate the Oncology program and to suggest recommendations for improvement. The organization has received commendation by the Commission on Cancer, which is also the reason why it has received funding. The hospital specializes in lung cancer, but various other forms of cancer are also treated. Mr. Johannson, the CEO has set achievement of quality as one of the most important organizational goals, which has led to the achievement of awards and accreditation for the hospital. The head of the Oncology program is Nancy Turlick and she has been the prime mover behind implementing these quality of care standards and based upon the results the hospital has achieved, the standards of care at the hospital have been revised. Hospital data is

The Technology of Netflix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Technology of Netflix - Research Paper Example There are not many companies properly involved in the online renting of movies. Moreover, Netflix plays by keeping its cost low as it tries to attract customers to frequently use its services instead of getting movies from stores or going to cinemas. Analysts believe that Netflix is now facing a tough competition in the face of other companies such as Amazon and Apple, which have also started to provide online movie services at an affordable rate. Furthermore, the cost differentiation strategy used by Netflix has been pretty successful is retaining â€Å"frequent watchers† who use the service frequently. Alongside, the company’s differentiation strategy has allowed it to get accessed by customers who avoid going to stores and want to watch movies from the comfort of their homes. Porter’s Five Forces model was discovered in 1979 by Mr. Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School. This model is used to give five factors that can be used to determine the stage of rivalry within a business. This would subsequently be used to determine the attractiveness of a market. Market attractiveness can be understood in terms of the overall profit levels achieved by an industry. To start off, Porter’s Five Forces model consists of the following five forces, namely threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers, the threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry in an industry. The application of each of these factors to Netflix will now be done to show how this business model works. The easier it is for new corporations to come into in the same business line as Netflix, the tougher would the competitive environment be. For any competitor to start up an online movie rental company, it would require enormous sums of money. Considering the amount of investments that would need to be made in setting contracts

Production of Quality Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Production of Quality Goods - Essay Example There is a greater awareness of preferences, choices, and customization among customers. This has posed a great challenge to the industries at large. Trans National Corporations' (TNC's) producing at large scale find it very hard to break their production run and set their machines for new orders as it is rarely economically feasible for them. However, the cutthroat competition among competitors have forced production engineers and supervisors to come up with new and innovative technologies to produce customized products on a mass scale. Computer and IT Technology, artificial intelligence, and flexible production lines driven by innovation have led to the possibility of mass customization. The idea is that industry should produce what is demanded and not what it expects to be demanded. For that to happen practically, times required to change jobs have to be reduced. In printing industry machine operators are averse to short run jobs, as setting time for a new job is significant. A new job setting requires mainly cleaning, changing blankets, making printing plates, setting color, and supplying logistics- right sizes and colors of paper/board and ink respectively. One critical step is taking the old ink out, cleaning the fountain roller on top of color units, and again filling them up with new inks. Sometimes this may take more than 15 minutes, provided each crewmember is available at each color unit.

Opposing review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opposing review - Essay Example With the turn of the generation, PES failed to make the next-gen jump while FIFA showed it was ready to up its game.† (FIFA 12 Vs PES 12) The opening paragraph which has been quoted above is itself very debatable, PES has been getting better with every single game but the writer fails to acknowledge the same. PES has also been improving with each game, why would the same game be bought over and over again by the fans is something the writer must answer. The article goes on to say that the last game brought out by Konami the makers of PES was very different from its other games but in all fairness there were quite a few similarities between the last one and the earlier editions but significant changes were surely made. To conclude it is very fair to say that the writer has failed to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the two games. A better analysis should have been written and the two games should have been better

Production of Quality Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Production of Quality Goods - Essay Example There is a greater awareness of preferences, choices, and customization among customers. This has posed a great challenge to the industries at large. Trans National Corporations' (TNC's) producing at large scale find it very hard to break their production run and set their machines for new orders as it is rarely economically feasible for them. However, the cutthroat competition among competitors have forced production engineers and supervisors to come up with new and innovative technologies to produce customized products on a mass scale. Computer and IT Technology, artificial intelligence, and flexible production lines driven by innovation have led to the possibility of mass customization. The idea is that industry should produce what is demanded and not what it expects to be demanded. For that to happen practically, times required to change jobs have to be reduced. In printing industry machine operators are averse to short run jobs, as setting time for a new job is significant. A new job setting requires mainly cleaning, changing blankets, making printing plates, setting color, and supplying logistics- right sizes and colors of paper/board and ink respectively. One critical step is taking the old ink out, cleaning the fountain roller on top of color units, and again filling them up with new inks. Sometimes this may take more than 15 minutes, provided each crewmember is available at each color unit.

Relational Leadership qualities of Colin Powell and how he represented Essay

Relational Leadership qualities of Colin Powell and how he represented them - Essay Example Colin L. Powell was born in Harlem in 1937 and was the son of Jamaican immigrants who were very much involved in his education and personal achievement .Colin manifested both these qualities of a bright young man and a high achiever throughout his academic career. He was well aware of his humble beginnings and he makes some interesting reflections about that in his biographical accounts. "In the preface to his autobiography, My American Journey, Powell describes himself as "a black kid of no early promise from an immigrant family of limited means." The audiences who pay dearly to hear Powell speak these days understandably believe that the man who rose from such unpromising beginnings to become one of the most admired public figures in the world must have grasped the secrets of leadership early on. He clung to them dearly as he became the youngest general in the Army, then found his way to the seventh floor of the State Department. "When I go out and speak," says Powell, "I don't talk about the chairmanship and all that stuff. I talk about being a young second lieutenant at Fort Benning, Ga. Most of what I learned about leadership I learned in my first two months there."1 Colin Powell with his vision of success and promoting the ri... In the year 1986 he left Washington to serve as commander of the Fifth Corps in Germany and when he returned he became the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in Reagan's era. His excellent leadership qualities his 1991 service as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff made him a figure of national importancee during the successful Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm conducted to to expel the Iraqi army from Kuwait.He declined the opportunity to run for president in the year 1996. and has focused his efforts on his organisation ,America's Promise,since then which is an organization dedicated to creating opportunities for today's young people.This shows how his leadership has been instrumental in encouraging the youth population and also in paving the way for inspired young people. Powell's leadership His political views have been moderate and he has earned great respect with the American people as an inspiration towards all.As has been pointed out in the book "Exploring Leadership"he inspires people with his actions like a good leader should. Serving as the Secretary of State in the Bush administration, Powell was popularly perceived as moderate. Powell's great asset was his tremendous popularity among the American people. He has played a pivotal role after September 11,in the management of America's relationships with other nations in order to secure a stable coalition in the War on Terrorism.He has been a tactful leader and has paved the way for more moderate views amongst the Bush administration.He refused to go to the Iraq War unless the international community supported this decision and continued to be the saner voice

The Effects of the Cold War in Asia Essay Example for Free

The Effects of the Cold War in Asia Essay The cold war was the name given to the economic, political, military and ideological rivalry that took place between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and their allies after World War II. The two powers never directly engaged in military action because both had nuclear weapons that if used, would have had devastating consequences for both sides. Alternatively, proxy wars were fought. A proxy war results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting one another and is typically initiated by a power that does not itself participate. The Korean and Vietnam wars are two examples of proxy wars because the U. S. and the Soviet Union did not engage each other however, Soviet attempts to spread and unify both Korea and Vietnam under communist rule prompted intervention either by the United States and/or by their allies. Another example of communist expansionism is the Malayan emergency that lasted from 1948-1960 which resulted in a guerrilla insurgency committed to an independent communist Malaya. These three events were just a few effects of the cold war in Asia. This essay will discuss each event individually and in more detail and attempt to convince readers that the Korean and Vietnam wars and the Malayan emergency were the direct results of Soviet attempts to expand communist rule in Asia and the United States and their allies’ policy of preventing and containing such moves. The Korean War The Japanese occupation of Korea ended after 35 years when they surrendered to both Soviet and American forces in 1945. The plan for the future of Korea was to hold free and fair elections and establish a democratic Korean government. In the meantime, the Soviets and the Americans agreed to occupy the country as a trusteeship. Korea was then divided at the 38th parallel- the U. S. occupied the South and the Soviets occupied the North. In 1948, two separate governments were established the Democratic People’s Republic under communist rule in the North, and the Republic of Korea in the South. Sunday June 25th 1950, North Korea began its attack on South Korea (with the support of the Soviet Union) starting with a 90-minute artillery barrage and then a full invasion of North Korean tanks and infantry across the 38th parallel into South Korea. The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion and insisted the North stop their advance and retreat. When it was evident that the North was not complying with this demand, President Truman, on June 27th authorized the United States Navy and Air Force to support South Korea. The U. N. gave the United States the authority to choose the supreme commander who would lead the allied mission. President Truman chose General Douglas MacArthur who was experienced and considered an American war hero. On June 28th, three days after the invasion Seoul, the South Korean capital was taken over by the North Korean forces. On June 30th, President Truman commissioned the use of American troops in South Korea. Ultimately, 16 member nations would contribute forces to the mission of repelling the North Koreans. During the first weeks of the war, the communist North took Seoul and continued their invasion Southward with little difficulty. The South Korean army and U. N. forces were pushed back to Busan – an area located at the southeastern most tip of Korea. On September 15th 1950, MacArthur launched a daring but necessary allied counteroffensive involving about 70,000 troops at Inchon. This purpose of this landing was twofold – first, catch the North Koreans off guard and second, disrupt both communications and supply lines. Now at a disadvantage upon success of MacArthur’s counteroffensive, the North Koreans began to retreat. This allowed the â€Å"cornered† South Korean army and U. N. forces at Busan to march north and meet up with the other U. N. forces. By early October 1950, all U. N. forces were together at the 38th parallel. Although it appeared that the Korean mission was a success, the war was far from over. Approved by both the U. N. nd the Joint Chiefs of Staff, South Korean troops and U. N. forces crossed the 38th parallel into North Korea. The People’s Republic of China warned U. N. troops that if they crossed the 38th parallel, they would enter the war. MacArthur however, reassures President Truman who is apprehensive over the news that they would not enter the war. However, on November 23rd 1950, about 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the Yalu River and attacked U. N. forces prompting a bold retreat and an immediate withdraw of troops. By December 24th 1950, the navy evacuated approximately 100,000 U.  N. and South Korean troops and roughly as many refugees. General Matthew B. Ridgeway replaced General Walton Walker who died at the end of December 1950. His deployment began Christmas day and he commenced the rebuilding of the Eighth Army. Seoul, which had been recaptured by U. N. forces in October, was abandoned in early January 1951. Nevertheless, by March 27th 1951, the Eighth Army took back Seoul and reached the 38th parallel. In November 1952, the United Nations changed their policy towards the war and approved a defensive strategy. However, the war entered a deadlock both politically and militarily. In January 1953, Dwight Eisenhower succeeded Harry Truman as President of the United States. Determined to resolve the deadlock and end the Korean War, he threatened to use nuclear weapons against China if they did not agree to a peaceful solution. Finally, after three years of conflict, an armistice was signed on July 27th 1953. Casualties were high for all parties involved – an estimated 33,741 Americans killed in action and 103,284 wounded. South Korean numbers are much higher – 59,000 killed in action and 291,000 wounded. U. N. orces that include Australia, United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand lost 1,263 and 4,817 wounded. Remaining U. N. forces including Belgium, Columbia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Turkey suffered 1,800 killed in action and 7,000 wounded. North Korean and Chinese casualties are not clear, but estimates are 500,000 killed and 1,000,000 wounded. With the support of both the Soviet Union and China, North Korea invaded South Korea for the purpose of overthrowing the government, taking control of the South and unifying the entire peninsula under communist rule. However, this strategy failed because the international community responded. Unfortunately, the war did not settle the dispute of unification and effects of this are still felt today in both North and South Korea. Although it is difficult to determine the winner, if any, of this war, it is clear that the response of both the United Nations and United States was to contain the spread of communism. Perhaps, the only party that could claim victory is the Chinese. Chinese forces were successful in forcing allied troops out of North Korea and across the 38th parallel. China would now play a significant role in the future peace talks. The Vietnam War The French had formerly occupied Vietnam prior to 1940 when Japan invaded parts of the country. Now, Vietnam had to foreign occupiers – the French and the Japanese. In August 1945, Japan surrendered to allied forces. This gave Vietnamese nationalists led by Ho Chi Minh the opportunity to proclaim the independence of Vietnam. However, the French were determined to regain control of the country. This led to a bloody war between the Vietnamese nationalists and the French in November 1945. The most troubling for the United States was that the Vietnamese nationalists, the Viet Minh, was a communist movement. Nevertheless, it was not until 1950, when the Soviet Union and China recognized the Viet Minh that confirmed American suspicions, revealing Ho Chi Minh, in secretary of state Dean Achesons words, â€Å"in his true colors as the mortal enemy of native independence in Indochina. † A concern among US officials was that US interests were at stake if Vietnam became a communist country. Therefore, in 1950, the US provided monetary assistance to the French effort in Vietnam. Nevertheless, in 1954, France withdrew from Vietnam after a significant defeat at Dien Bien Phu. In July 1954, an agreement was reached at the Geneva conference that temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel. The Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh would control the North and forces such as the United States who aided the French would control the south. The agreement also called for national elections to be held by July 1956 to reunite the country under one government. The United States however, disagreed and refused to accept the agreement worried the Communists would win and unite Vietnam under communism. If Vietnam became communist, it was believed among US officials that surrounding countries would also become communist – this was known as the domino theory. Therefore, with the help of the United States, elections were carried out but only in South Vietnam. June 18, 1954 Ngo Dinh Diem was elected as the first president of South Vietnam backed by the United States. However by 1960, many Vietnamese began feeling oppressed by Diems leadership and organized the National Liberation Front (NFL) also known as the Viet Cong that would fight against both the South Vietnamese government and United States forces. When Lyndon Johnson became president in November 1963 following John F. Kennedys assassination, he began sending aid to the newly formed government. On August 2, 1964, two US warships were attacked by North Vietnamese gunboats in international waters known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident. In response, Johnson asked Congress for the authority to do whatever it took to withstand any further attacks from the North Vietnamese against US forces. Congress approved Johnsons request with the Gulf of Tonkin resolution. Only after Johnson was re-elected as president in November 1964 did he intensify the war in Vietnam. In early 1965 Johnson ordered the bombing of North Vietnam and in March 1965 ordered large numbers of US military troops to South Vietnam. Johnsons intention was not to achieve victory but for the US forces to strengthen South Vietnams defenses until they were able to assume responsibility. By the summer of 1965, 90,000 US troops were in Vietnam. Nevertheless, General Westmoreland, the US commander in Vietnam would ask Johnson for another 150,000 troops. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara recommended sending 100,000 additional US troops to Vietnam. Johnson would approve McNamara’s recommendation. Despite the US military buildup, the Viet Cong were well supplied and dedicated fighters. They were also more familiar with the jungles of Vietnam than the US was – this gave the Viet Cong a huge advantage. They attacked in ambushes, set up booby-traps and moved around underground tunnels. General Westmoreland would again request more US troops that Johnson approved. Between 1966 and 1967, US forces serving in Vietnam rose drastically from 190,000 to 535,000. On January 30, 1968, the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong orchestrated a surprise attack on South Vietnamese cities and towns known as the Tet offensive. † It is estimated that 67,000 Viet Cong took part in the offensive. An estimated 40,000 were killed. The US was able to regain the cities and towns lost in the offensive. Although this was a US victory, it proved to the president and the American people that the enemy was better equipped and more powerful than previously believed. After the Tet Offensive and growing disapproval of the war at home, Johnson decided not to escalate the war any further. In January 1969, Richard Nixon became president of the United States. Nixon was favorable among the American people for his promises to de-escalate and end the Vietnam War. US troop withdrawals began in the summer of 1969. However, it was not until January 27, 1973 that a peace treaty was finally reached. Nixon suspended all military operations in Vietnam and the remaining US troops left in March 1973. Fighting however would continue between the North Vietnamese and the South Vietnamese until April 30, 1975 when South Vietnam surrendered to the North. On July 2, 1976, Vietnam was reunified under a communist government. Vietnam was a war the US felt compelled to fight. The US thought if Vietnam was overthrown and became communist that it would be only a matter of time until surrounding countries would fall victim to communism. However, after a ten-year commitment in Vietnam, the US was unable to achieve victory. Why? The US forces were fighting in unfamiliar jungles whereas the Viet Cong were well adapted. The Viet Cong were also well supplied by both China and the Soviet Union. The US could not halt the flow of supplies and replacement fighters without the possibility of bringing either China and/or the Soviet Union into the war. Viet Cong used ambushes and booby traps against unsuspecting US troops. Nuclear weapons were out of the question as that would have definitely led to prompt and severe retaliation from probably both China and the Soviet Union. Unpopularity at home in America along with anti-war and civil rights protests eventually led to the ending of US involvement in Vietnam. Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960  On December 8, 1941, the Japanese invaded Malaya, which was under British rule at the time. Although British forces fought hard against the invaders, large numbers of Japanese troops eventually forced the British to retreat and surrender in early February 1942. The Japanese occupation of Malaya lasted from 1942 to 1945 when they surrendered to allied forces at the end of World War II. Malaya was now faced with restoring a civil government and initiating a new constitution. However, the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), led by Chin Peng opposed this idea. Between 1945 and 1948, the CPM had accumulated thousands of communist fighters that were trained in jungle warfare by the British to fight against the Japanese occupation. In June 1948, the 12-year unrest began when Communist Terrorists (CTs) killed three British rubber planters. The Communist Party of Malaya then departed to rural areas and organized the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA). They began a campaign of terror involving executing, mutilating and tormenting British and Native people aimed to panic the civilians. Britain repeatedly requested the assistance of the United States, but was turned down. Therefore, Britain stood alone against the threat in Malaya. In the fall of 1950, 50,000 British troops were sent to Malaya. The plan of action for dealing with the current crisis was defensive: to protect all targets of economic importance. However, there were insufficient amount of soldiers to properly deal with the country’s challenges, so more were transferred in from the Kings African Rifles, the Guards Brigade and the Royal Marines. The Director of Operations in Malaya, General Sir Harold Briggs, came up with a resolution known as â€Å"the Briggs plan,† which was to isolate the insurgents from their supporters. Under the plan, 500,000 rural Malayans and 400,000 Chinese were forced to relocate into guarded camps known as New Villages. At first, people were angry about the new arrangement however, with improved living conditions in the camps, monetary aid and given ownership of their property; they changed their initial perspective to that of happiness and satisfaction. Sir Henry Gurney, the British High Commissioner was ambushed and assassinated by the MNLA in 1951. This was a turning point in the war because the assassination has been defined as the reason the Malayans renounced the MNLA campaign. Lieutenant-General Sir Gerald Templer succeeded Sir Henry Gurney. He was a strict and robust soldier. He called for instant actions to grant Chinese ethnic citizens the right to vote. He advanced the development of the Malayan Army. He also improved the intelligence network (Special Branch). The MNLA were allowed remission by the Malayan government in 1955 as a means of ending the emergency peacefully, but many rejected because the terms were limited in nature. Chin Peng and Tunku Abdul Rahman, the father of Malayan independence entered into negotiations. The negotiations deteriorated when Tunku turned down Peng’s requests. As a result, the aggression proceeded more intensely but by this time, it was apparent that the MNLA’s goal of a communist Malaya proved unsuccessful. Malaya acquired independence in August 1957 but the emergency would not be conclusively over until 1960. By the end of the emergency, 6,710 insurgents had been killed with another 1,287 captured; 2,702 insurgents surrendered and another 500 gave themselves up. Malayan security forces including police suffered 1,345 casualties with another 519 commonwealth personnel lost; civilian losses were 2,478 with 810 others missing. The emergency is estimated to have cost the British government between ? 520 million and ? 700 million. Malaya is the only successful battle of the entire Cold War. Why? The MNLA consisted of about only 8,000 insurgents. There was little outside support and British General Harold Briggs quickly implemented a resolution that isolated the insurgents from the general population. Britain gained the support of the population when they provided aid and other support. The British also wanted Malay to be an independent state whereas an MNLA overthrow would suggest a potential â€Å"puppet state† of the Soviet Union and/or China.