Budgetary control Essay Example for Free

Budgetary mold EssayNowadays managements philosophy revolves around the idea of mean. accord to McKinsey (1922), chief executives have come to the realization that todays task commode only be properly fulfilled thanks to the meticulous planning of yesterday. The work outary control framework has been openly accepted and widespread as a tool for management and overall organisation control. Nonetheless, recent evolutions in the four-in-handial sciences have come to jeopardise the reliability of budgeting as an effective rule for the control of cognitive operation and organisation. The concern of whether budgeting is in fact an apt tool has created mixed views and debate amongst scholars. This essay volition aim to evaluate whether budgetary control is concerned primarily with the control of performance, or if it has of late taken on great importance especially as a more endogenetic control mechanism for the organisation. In order to do so it will firstly mend the meani ng of two fundamental concepts such as budget and budgetary control.Secondly it will evaluate the spend of budgetary control as a tool for todays organization. Thirdly it will follow debates and criticisms on its the effectiveness and use and Lastly it will conclude by assessing to what extent budgetary control has become a more integrative control mechanism for organisations. The work of key specialists in management such as Bhimani, Otley, Van der Stede and McWatters, will be drawn on in order to cover the key issues of the discussion.Before commencing on a discussion of budgetary control, it is immanent to clarify and coiffure the two key terms that will be used in this essay budget and budgetary control. On the one hand, as be by Bhimani et al. (2008) a budget is a quantitative expression of a proposed plan of action by management for future time period and it is an tending to coordination and implementation of the plan. On the same line McWatters et al.(2008) highlights th e importance of budgets as a planning control system for a phoner, which translate organisational objectives into financial terms. Drury (2009) exemplifies the many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) different purposes that budgets serve, such as coordinating activities, pass oning various arrangements to different responsibility centres, arranging and controlling operations, motivating employees to attain organisational objectives and assessing the execution of managers.According to Johnson (1996), it was in the 1960s that associations started to highly regard the utilization of budgets as tools for performance measurement and the control of managerial objectives. On the other hand, budgetary control is described by Periasamy (2010) as a system of controlling costs which includes the preparation of budgets, coordinating the department and establishing responsibilities, comparing actual performance with the budgeted and acting upon results to achieve maximum advantageousness.A simila r, yet more formal, definition of budgetary control is assumption by the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England and Wales (CIMA) the establishment of budgets relating to the responsibilities of executives to the requirement of a polity and the continuous comparison of actual with the budgeted results, either to secure by individual actions the objectives of policy or to provide a basis for its revision. There be two main purposes of budgets which scholars have identified planning and controlling.The first purpose, which McWatters et al. (2008) discusses, is that budgets have a fundamental billet in undertaking planning decisions. In fact, the integrating of budgets into a strategic planning of long term and short-term objectives is crucial to the harmony of the project itself. This claim can be explained by Bhimani et al. (2008) who proposes that, budgets provide a more realistic view on the possible outcomes of investments, which consequently leads managers t o adjust their strategic goals accordingly.To put it another way, when a gild wants to match its potentials suitably with the prospects of the marketplace, it undertakes a strategic analysis to then set several long-run and short-run goals. On this basis a budget is formulated. However, as stated before, once the budget that has been formulated projects a more realistic view on the strategic objectives, these strategic objectives atomic number 18 then readjusted once again. The second purpose that Emmanuel et al.(1990) discusses is to do with budgets as a form of control and a tool for monitoring a companys performance. McWatters et al. (2008) describe this function by outlining the idea that budgets are ofttimes used to assign responsibilities by allocating resources to different managers. A budget may be given with more or less flexibility, for example by charge a large sum of money for advertising to be used at the managers discretion, or by highlighting the different ways tha t this money should be used.The optional flexibility of budgets allows for a company to give the adequate level of responsibility to its employees and thus the organisation is able to maintain a level of control. McWatters et al. (2008) further elaborates on the function of budgeting for control by suggesting that the numbers in a budget are also used as goals to motivate organisational members. This motivational construction of budgeting can be explained by Bhimani et al (2008) who states that the manner in which a budget is administered can adversely impact on the managers behaviour.A manager must believe that the budget is achievable in order to actively attempt to pursue it, Bhimani et al (2008) adds that through the constraints and goals set by budgeting targets, managers are often motivated to effect changes in a forceful way. The way that a budget is formulated, and the demands and pressures that it targets are key in encouraging the right storey of motivation, an enterpr ise can set a difficult to attain budget in an attempt to motivate good performance.This is because, in practice, budgets that are set up to a certain degree of tightness often become stronger motivators (Bhimani et al. , 2008). A final point to consider with the role of budgetary control is the function that it plays in enhancing communication within a company. Internal coordination surrounded by the steps of production , as well as communication among departments are key aspects for a companys performance. Dury (2009) states that the budget serves as a vehicle through which the actions of the different parts of an organisation can be brought together and reconciled into one honey oil plan.Hence, hierarchical and inter-departmental communication within the organisation is extremely facilitated thanks to the use of budgets. For instance, considering a multinational corporation that, due to its size, has difficulties in communicating between the production department and the sales department, budgets could in this circumstance be the most operational manner of communicating, as they set common goals between different departments. As it is deport form the paragraphs above, the controlling side of budgets play a stronger role than the planning aspect.An example that instead criticise this view can be make up in the strategic planning of investments. Maximising performance of a company can be synonymous for maximising the shareholders value. Akintoye (2008) argues that equality in investment decisions are fairly dependent on the solidity of the budgetary control system, which in turn is key to maximise the companys shareholders value. Therefore, it is arguable that a low-cal budgetary control system may be the cause of unprofitable investments and consequently may trigger the loss of shareholders value (Akintoye, 2008).There are many examples that reflect this issue, such as one reported by the European Journal of Economics Finance and Administrative Science where the Coca-Cola Company, with the purpose of differentiating production, failed miserably in their investment on food and wine in that the investment rate of return resulted to be beneath their cost of capital. The tremendous loss of money caused by this investment and other failures of this type grab the attention of scholars, raising questions on the salience of the budgetary control system, as well as whether budgets are chiefly used to control or plan organisations.Other criticisms towards budgetary control as a main form of performance control, argue instead that the use of budgetary control in performance management has of late taken on greater importance especially as a more integrative control mechanism for the organisation. This stands on the basis of different points of view of the role that motivation and communication play within a company. Bhimani et al. (2008) argues that current speculation concerning budgetary control systems prescribes two inverse perspectives. From one perspective, there is the view that upholds incremental change to budgetary process in terms of interfacing such forms more well-nigh to operational prerequisites, arranging frameworks, expanding the recurrence of plan amendment and the arrangement of rolling budgets. A second perspective supports the abandoning of the budgetary control system as a method of organisational control, and supplanting it with elective systems to empower firms on their adaptability and adjustability. The second perspective arose because of the consequences caused by the conflictual role of budgets between planning and controlling.To summarize in planning and settling choices, budgets convey specialised information between different departments and hierarchy of the organisation, whereas for control, budgets serve as benchmarks for performance measurement (Otley, 1978). According to McWatters et al. (2008) if too many boundaries are placed into performance targets, then specialised executives wil l settle down and stop disclosing accurate predictions of prospected occurrences, and instead rely more on budgeted figures, which ease the achievement of the targets. A clear example of this conflict is given by the marketing sector.Salespeople according to McWatters et al. (2008) are usually very specialised and can very well forecast future sales. Their predictions are very important to settle the amount of goods to be produced. Inasmuch budgetary control of sales takes place at the end of the year, and it is used as a tool to evaluate performance. Salespeople are reasonably incentivised to under-forecast future sales in order to assure a positive evaluation of their performance. Nevertheless this behaviour induces the company to have higher production costs, creating counterproductive results.However, this behavioural theory is contrasted by Van der Stede (2000) in his study on the relationship between two consequences of budgetary control cliff creation and managerial short-te rm orientation. In his experiment he attempts to find the relationship between rigid budgetary control and slack creation, where he defines slack as the action by business unit managers that leads them to exploit their position of superior knowledge about business possibilities vis-a-vis corporal management to get performance targets that are deliberately lower than their best guess forecast about the future (lukka, 1988).Van der Stedes (2008) statistical correlation coefficient showed in fact that rigid budget control reduced slack. To strengthen his view, Bhimani et al. (2008) states that budgeted performance measures can overcome two keys limitations of using past performance as basis for judging actual result, meaning that, not only budgetary control is a good judge of performance, but it also develops discover aspects in comparison to other evaluation techniques. In conclusion, this essay has highlighted the role of budgetary control and its functions in terms of planning th e organisational control of a company, as well as its role in performance management.Motivation and communication are both key aspects in the management of performance, and both of these functions are met through the system of budgetary control, either by setting achievable incentives, or by providing the necessary requirements to improve communications within a company. Having underlined the role of budgetary control as an enhancer of performance management, it is clear to see how it has become a key mechanism for the integrative control of an organisation. Nonetheless, this essay has adumbrate some of the key disputes of the reliability and effectiveness of budgetary control as an adequate method of performance management.An example of this is highlighted by the fact that when managers are given strict budgeting figures, they sometimes deem the goals to be too easily achieved, and hence give a lesser input of motivation. Despite the many critics of budgetary control as a tool for the organisation of a company, scholars such as Van der Stede (2000) and Bhimani et al. (2008) have confidently stated that when a budget is set correctly, it can significantly improve an organisations performance, including the integrative function within a company and is in fact a more effective tool than other existent methods of control.

Videogames Persuasive Speech Essay Example for Free

Videogames Persuasive Speech EssaySAT ScoresYou can send your SAT tons to CSUMentor by using the SAT institution code 3594. Listing 3594 will send your score to altogether CSU campuses for one price. CSUMentor will then store your scads for ALL CSU campuses to utilize. If you have not yet sent your scores to either a CSU campus or to CSUMentor, you can request this at www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ sit down/reg.html.ACT ScoresYou have no ACT Scores account to CSUMentorIf you took an ACT Test not listed above, your scores from that test date were not reported to CSUMentor or were reported using different identifying information. To request such scores to be reported, you will need to request an Additional Score Report from ACT. reassign applicants You are not required to supply SAT or ACT information if you will have 60 or more transferrable college semester units (90 or more quarter units).I certify under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of California th at I have provided complete and accurate responses to all the items on this application. I further certify all official documents submitted in support of this application are authentic and unaltered records that pertain to me.I gift the California State University to release any(prenominal) information submitted by me in this application for admission and any application for financial aid to any person, firm, corporation, association, or government agency to verify or explain the information I have provided to obtain other information necessary for my application for admission and any application for administration of financial aid and in connection with perjury proceedings. My signature certifies the accuracy and completeness of the information provided. I understand that any misrepresentation or omission may be cause for denial or cancellation of admission, transfer credit, or enrollment. I certify that so long as I am a student at this institution, I will advise the residence c lerk if there is a change in any of the facts affecting my residence.

“There Is No Truth in Advertising.” Discuss Essay Example for Free

on that point Is No Truth in ad. Discuss EssayAdvertising is omnipresent and inescapable in todays world. It is claimed that an clean person is exposed to 2000 advertise workforcets every day. Due to its all-pervasive nature, advertising has a huge impact on our minds, both consciously and unconsciously. However, the credibility of todays advertisements should be questioned. As media companies and advertising agents become increasingly profit-driven, advertisements now contain false information, promote biased ideas and roughlytimes even deveice consumers, in suppose to sell products. regular some non-commercial advertisements ar not telling the complete impartiality, in order to grab peoples attentions. Many advertisements tend to tell partial truth about their products, which equates to false information that would mislead viewers. To increase revenue and maximise profits, advertising agents use the tactic of partial truths that make use of viewers assumptions. Advertis ing agents skillfully design the advertisements that will only reveal the seemingly appealing characteristics of the product, and deliberately leave the necessary elaboration and explanation, which is the other half of the truth, unmentioned.An advertisement for some cat food purported that it contains a substaintial level of phosphorus, which would lead the viewers to think that more phosphorus is good for cats. But what the advertisements did not mention was that cats actually do not need phosphorous in their diet. other cigarette advertisement in Bangladesh said that smoking helped to relieve the pain of giving birth, which is true because somking decreases the size of babies. Its detrimental effect on babies was deliberately ignored by the advertising agent. These partial truth are not truths at all.They are misleading lies which, if the consumers accept blindly, may even harm their health. Also, advertisements always ignore the moral truth of gender equality. They contain so me stereotypes about gender roles most of the time. While men are usually portrayed as strong and masculine, women are almost always depicted as fragile, weak and feminine. Some advertisements convey the idea that women should gift a lot of money, time and effort into the pursuit of ideal beauty, to please men. There is even objectification of women that turns women into things and objects, which is dehumanising and unrespectful.One advertisement writes If I did not lose 49 pounds, I could neer be married by now, which is saying that women should focus on their figure in order to find a husband. Another beer advertisement turns a lady into a robot that contains beer in its belly. While these innovate advertisements may be effective in promoting the products, they are without doubt add people with the wrong idea that women and men are not equal in this society, that women is somewhat inferior, which are not the truth. However, they do reflect and reinforce alive ideas of gender r oles and inequality, which is the sad reality. Furthermore, advertisements deceive us into believing that by buying true products, we are able to obtain a desirable lifestyle, gain loving status or get into certain social community. Advertisements are not selling merely products, but also the lifestyles, ideas, calues and status that the company w emmet to henchman the product with. By constantly linking the products with a certain lifestyle, the advertisements make the consumers believe that buying the product is one easy way to get that desired lifestyle. For instance, Louis Vuittons advertisements always show celebrities holding their handbags, enjoying themselves on holiday.This makes many nouveau riche think that having one of much(prenominal) bags would get themselves into the moneyed class and the lifestyle of the rich. However, it is without doubt that buying certain products does not change who you are or where you belong to. It is just a deception created by the advert isements. Some people may argue that advertisements for some knife edge technical products that truly benefit people, such as tablets and smartphones, do contain truths. I do not deny that these advertisements do contain some facts, such as the new features of the products, the improved functions and so forth.However, being advertisements, they are more or less exaggerated in order to achieve the ultimate destruction of selling. Advertisements of this kind, such as the advertisement for the new iPad, always contain the key words like all new, revoluntionary or unprecedented, but never mention the limitations and the flaws built-in obsolescence. Only after a few months when the company launches a newer model would it start to point out what flaws the previous model has. This is the nature of advertising. There is no complete truth. Non-commercial advertisements are believed by many to be absolute true.They argue that these advertisements campaigning for good causes have no motive t o lie. However, in order to create greater influence and to raise peoples awareness, non-commercial advertisements also tend to exaggerate and oversimplify the situation. For instane, the advertisements that help Project Hope in china to raise fund often show children who are eager to learn sitting in shabby wooden classrooms, dressed unfortunately. Though in that location are many children like this in the rural area, not all of them are passionate about learning, and not all classrooms are in such poor condition.In order to grab public attention, these advertisements are wise to show the pooresr scene to the public. But this kind of oversimplified version is definitely not the complete truth. emotional manipulation In all, advertising by nature aims to grab public attention. In oder to do this, there is always some extent of exaggeration. This is how advertisements work. As long as there are no false information or deceptions that mislead people, advertising with some extent of exaggeration is acceptable. People should learn to be discriminating views ant not just believe advertisements blindly.

Impact of Photoshopped Images on Teenagers

Impact of Photoshopped Images on TeenagersDo photoshopped images affect the way teenagers feel about themselves?Do you ever just scan with a time or just walk through the local Mall and see posters of men or women, young children, even infants with no flaws? rise up majority of this advertisement is thanks to photoshopping. So how does photoshopped images affect the way teens feel about themselves? (Choices The Award Winning Health Life Skills Magazine for Teens,,Debate Does Photoshopping images Hurt Teens? November/celestial latitude 2014 Issue.)Back in 2012 a girl started a petition against photoshopped photos in a popular teen magazine, and 84,000 signed, clearly were tired of macrocosm fed lies drop your voice through the internet and social media to demand that companies stop using photoshop for good. Everyone knows that perfection does not exist in this world. So when you open a magazine and see a model or celebrities believe me that their flawlessness is made from photo shopping the images. So dont comp atomic number 18 yourself to todays models and celebrities because its their job to look good by using photoshop. The biggest nemesis to ourselves self-esteem is ourselves. Stop comparing yourself to theirs and start recognizing how good you look.Three Facts about Photoshopping (Choices The Award Winning Health Life Skills Magazine for Teens, Debate Does Photoshopping images Hurt Teens? November/ declination 2015)In 2013 Israels Photoshop law went into effect. It requires that digital alterations to make models appear thinner be disclosed along with the images or ads.The truth in advertising Act was introduced in congress in 2014. It passed, it would require the government to come up with a strategy to reduce the use of altered images in advertisements.According to a 2014 check nearly three quarters of young women edit photos of themselves before posting them to social media. More than half of men do the same. Studies have shown that women or gir ls who read or look at any fashion advertisement or magazines can have a negative effect on their self-esteem.I recover that the three facts stated above are really important that they remain enforced still to this day. All companies who use photoshopping to alter any features on a person especially a teenager should make the public aware that it was done. Also they should aim the permission from parents of teenagers before any photoshopping images are done and get posted to the public by any advertising on the social media. I feel like companies make it not as clearly transparent or known to the public about photos that have been altered. Its usually in very fine print and hard to find on the image or ad.Its very important to teach our young children about the truth behind the images that surround them. Letting them see behind their photo spreads and the advertisements can help view the negative effect of these images. Todays media plays a big part of todays society. The media informs us on everything that is going on in the world. Which includes the new products that are on the market. The media can too have a negative effect on society, especially on teen girls. Their struggles of body image issues, self- esteem, and acceptance is brought out the some when they look at how perfect and flawless women look in magazines, advertisements, commercials, posters, and bill boards. All of the perfect things they see in the media are photoshopped. A method that gives teen girls a learning of what they have to look like to be categorized as being beautiful in todays society. (Huffington Post, New York, NY, Oct. 2014 Issue)A lot of teen girls today set apart themselves down when they look at a photoshopped ad, they feel as if they arent beautiful. This is the main reason why photoshopping needs to be banned. Perfection doesnt exist. No matter how many a(prenominal) photoshopped ads there are in magazines, all women and teen girls are beautiful in all shapes, si zes, and forms. Companies need to stop using photoshop and promote women for who they really are without photoshoping any of their features. I dont understand why some parents feel that they need to alter their teenage or young childrens photos. Especially if they know that their photos are being photoshopped to look better in the eyes of their parents. I think this caused low self-esteem and this is what causes a lot of teenage depression and suicides. At young ages children should be accepted for who, and what they look like not for what someone wants them to look like. Some of the alterations that can be photoshopped are anything from whitening teeth, removing braces, acne, and altering breasts on photos.Three of the most common mental-health problems among girls are eating disorders, depression or depressed mood/self-esteem. They are linked to the presentation of women in the media. Forty two portion of girls I grades 1-3 want to be thinner. Fifty three percent of 13 year old g irls are unhappy with their bodies. By the time theyre 17, girls have seen 250,000 TV commercials grievous them they should be aspired to be a sex object or have a body size they can never achieve. Seventy eight percent of 17 year old girls are unhappy with their bodies. Thirty percent of high school girls and 16 percent of high school boys suffer from perturb eating. Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of all mental illnesses. (Day, Lori, Newburyport, MA, 14 April 2014)SUMMARY Life should be about who you are and not any compositors case of photoshopping to make you something that you are not. I have learned from this research assignment that photoshopping can destroy teens self-esteem, and cause major emotional breakdowns. Be comfortable with your internal body appearance.WORKS CITEDChoices The Award Winning Health Life Skills Magazine for Teens. (Debate Does Photoshopping images Hurt Teens?) November/December 2014 IssueDay, Lori, Newburyport, MA Educational Psyc hologist, Consultant, and Author of Her Next Chapter (Why Photoshopping Is a Matter of Life and Death for Many Girls)Huffington Post, New York, NY (Photoshop The Ugly Truth About Pretty Pictures) 11/11/2014 Updated 1/11/2015Huffington Post, New York, NY (What We mislay When We Photoshop School Pictures) 10/06/2014, Updated Aug 03, 2015GOOGLE SEARCHS (06 Feb. 2017 15 Feb. 2017)Do Photoshopped Images Make You Feel Bad About Your Own Looks? https//learning. communicates.nytimes.com//do-photoshopped-images-make-you-feel-bad-Self Esteem Act US parents push for anti-Photoshop laws cursory Mail www.dailymail.com/Self-Esteem-Act-US-parents-push-anti-Photoshop-law Oct. 2011 The Self Esteem Act Parents push for anti-Photoshop law in U.S.Photoshop The Effect On Teen Girls and Why It Needs to be Banned www.radicalparenting.com//photoshop-the-effect-on-teen-girls-and-why-it-needs-to may 30, 2012Self-Esteem and Girls The Medias Role Building Self-Esteem www.healthyplace.com/blogs/buildingse lfesteem//self-esteem-in-girls-the-medias-rol Aug 30, 2012The photoshop effect Feature Article 2013-12-03 GhanaWeb www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/The-photoshop-effect-294006 Dec 3, 2013The Ugly Truth Behind Pretty Pictures Common Sense Media https//www.commonsensemedia.org/blog/the-ugly-truth-behind-pretty-pictures May 2014

Theories of Knowing

Theories of KnowingGEOG 701 Research in Practice, 2017Ways of Knowing ComparisonName Allan RaraiWhich way of knowing from Week 2 do you select? logical positivismStructuralismWhich way of knowing from Week 3 do you select? kind constructionismHumanismWhat ar the typical features of inquiry that uses the ways of knowing that you call for selected?PositivismIt can be said that the philosophy of positivism dominates Science. Positivism believes in empiricism, where experiments such as observations and measurements be the core of scientific experiments, using theories to call reality, which rely on quantitative information. Positivists believe that positive companionship is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations. For example, the properties of weather (humidity, air temperature and pressure, wind speed and direction) and how these properties are link up (seasonal rainfall amount). Furthermore, there is a belief in the philosophy of positivism that the incor poration of new ideas may contradict old ideas, thus ideas tend to accumulate, allowing for knowledge to expand. Also, outcomes are separate or dissociated from personal and social status, and personal emotion is ignored.Social ConstructionismThe typical features of research that use these ways of knowing in Social Constructionism include the following this way of knowing focuses more on social collectives or groups rather than on individualism, that is, the groups or communities are constructed based on their norms what they are built on such as rules and ways of living, which pinpoint them within parliamentary procedure thus making them what they are. For example, how responsibilities are distri yeted and channels of communication are constructed, where forefinger or authority is organised how traditions and cultures are constructed. This researched philosophy also key outs what has been constructed such as meanings being institutionalized and followed. Moreover, once knowledge has been constructed and used, it may be pose resistant to change.What do you see as being the benefits associated with each of the ways of knowing that you flip selected?PositivismThe benefits of positivism include knowledge building, that is, new ideas are built or continue to emerge from past knowledge errors or gaps. Also, results or outcomes are easily understood, visualised and compared to others. It does not involve perceptions, because it uses quantitative data to provide information that researchers use to make scientific assumptions. That is why it follows a well-defined structure during study and discussion.Social ConstructionismThe benefits associated with Social Constructionism are as follows they reveal assumptions behind common sense, explain prevailing attitudes, and there is an understanding of key institutions and social transformation over time. For example, norms, values and rules constructed within different tiers of a society are transformed over a period of time and this way of knowing is well vested accordingly. Furthermore, it allows people to challenge assumptions and norms, and promotes knowledge sharing.What do you see as being the limitations associated with each of the ways of knowing that you have selected?PositivismThere are many limitations to this way of knowing. It focuses on the How rather than the Why promontorys. It does not analyse further as to why things are happening because it relies more on data, thus, is inflexible. It does not measures things that are not visible. Moreover, it assumes that scientific results are correct and emotions and perceptions are do by from interferences and conclusions.Social ConstructionismLimitation of social constructionism is that, constructs change over time and can be misunderstood. This depends entirely on how society is constructed within its settings. Also, it ignores individual contexts and it can be difficult to apply this kind of knowledge in a new environment. Moreover, it does not need to be true, it invites relativism. This type of knowing requires more time (time consuming) and is costly (requires funding).In a hypothetical scenario, you are asked to conduct research in/on a forest (the research can be on anything, but must involve data collection related to a forest location). Propose two separate research questions-one for each of the ways of knowing you have selected-that incorporate data gathering opportunities in a hypothetical forest location, and provide a justification about why the research questions reflect your chosen ways of knowing.PositivismWhat is the Relationship between Forest Harvesting (Clearing of Forest) and sedimentation accumulation on Big Bay River on Santo Island in Vanuatu? This research question reflects this way of knowing because it requires observation and measurement of data to test the hypothesis that harvesting of a forest may have some impact on the sediment in the rivers. It will be easy to compare the results based on the analysed data (number of hectares (ha) of forest cleared amount of sediment accumulation) that has been collected.Social Constructionism issue of Native Ecosystem to preserve and increase number of native plants and animals. (Research question Will restoring Native Forest (NF) helps to increase the number of native species within the forest ecosystem?)This research question reflects this particular way of knowing because it focuses on more collaborative ways of knowledge. It is common sense to assume that if a forests ecosystem is restored, native plants and animals may increase. It looks comparable it is interconnected with the Positivism way of knowing. This type of research requires a lot of funding and may involve different groups/ stakeholders within the context of a society.

Socrates In Platos Apology Philosophy Essay

Socrates In Platos Apology Philosophy EssayIn this essay I will dispute the char manageer of Socrates as he is presented in the Apology, I will look at Socrates as a religious fanatic and an apostle of background. I will provide an personal credit line from my own personal stance that the character of Socrates in the Apology is a variation of both religious fanatic and apostle of reason. I will alike make reference to Crito in order to strengthen my position that Socrates is indeed a religious man of reason. First I shall discuss the Apology and provide examples to strengthen my argument that Socrates is a man of religion and reason. Secondly I shall provide examples from Crito showing that Socrates is a moral and just philosopher.In Platos Apology, Socrates says to the jury that if they said to him, Socrates, we do non believe Anytus now we acquit you, but only on condition that you spend no more condemnation on this investigation and do not practice philosophy (Socrates 29c-d , 2012), he would rather obey graven image than the men of Athens and practice philosophy as long as he is breathing. Socrates would continue to question the Athenian citizens about wisdom, truth, and the best state for ones soul, proving that wealth, reputation, and honor are not the most important things in life. According to Socrates, fulfilling his obligation to god is more important than what the law may tell him to do because in practicing philosophy, he is serving god. Be sure that this is what the god orders me to do, and I think there is no greater blessing for the metropolis than my service to the god, (Socrates 30a, 2012). By sentencing Socrates, the men of Athens are mistreating gods gift to them because god himself inclined Socrates to the city in order for him to question those he encounters. By teaching them about virtue and how important the soul is, Socrates shows them how to extend the good life and live it well. As a result of Socrates being given to Athens as a gift from god to question the Athenians to enlighten them and bring about overbearing outcomes, he is entitled to disobey the courts verdict.If he was fracture the law and harming Athens it would be wrong and immoral, but because god sent him to do this duty, he essential overcome every obstacle in his way to do so. There is no inconsistency between what he says in Crito about upholding the laws and never breaking them. What Socrates says in Platos Apology proves that he has found a common ground between reason and religion. Therefore, Socrates is both a religious fanatic and apostle of reason. Thus Socrates argument to continue practicing philosophy even if the men of Athens rule that he should not, is completely justifiable and moral. The Gods placed Socrates in Athens to act as a gadfly stinging Athens in order to wake up the lazy Athenian citizens. Socrates is acting as an apostle of reason and religious fanatic when he challenged the wise men of Athens. After receiving a p rophecy from the god at Delphi (Socrates 20e, 2012), that he is the wisest of all men, Socrates concludes that he knows nothing so he must be the wisest in the sense that he knows nothing for sure. By challenging the wisest of Athens he follows the Gods wishes in a reasonable way. Through argument, question, and discussion, Socrates exposes false wisdom as ignorance which I argue is fulfilling his obligation to the Gods and reason.Socrates believed that he was following the gods plan for him it was his moral obligation to question those who claim to be wise. As a philosopher one ought to act as an apostle of reason, whether it is to argue against the government to determine whether a law or idea is justified or completely wrong and determine with reason how to replace it with a new law or idea that has been proved to be correct. A Philosopher is a lover of wisdom which follows the obligation to cross-examine people in order to find out where or not that are wise or just ignorant. A s a religious fanatic and apostle of reason Socrates seek to teach people he argued with that instead of claiming to be wise and arguing for their ideas without reason along with claiming that any previous idea contradictory to theirs was wrong, one should be open to all objections because we are all truly ignorant. In the Apology, Socrates attempted to persuade people through argument and reason to question everything because not everything tail be answered by saying, God did it.In order to strengthen my argument I shall refer to examples from Crito proving that Socrates is a variation of apostle of reason and religious fanatic. Socrates states that doing wrong to person is wrong therefore it is immoral. Similar to the Apology, Socrates uses reason to prove his point. Escaping Athens and going against its verdict is disregarding the law, which is immoral and unjust. Socrates makes a connection between the laws of Athens and morals. By escaping, Socrates would be acting against t he laws of Athens and disregarding everything he stood for up to this point. By fleeing, Socrates would destroy the citys laws and through the city, all of its citizens. This relationship between a citizen and the city is correspondent to the relationship between a parent and child. From the city, Socrates was brought to birth, was it not through us that your father married your mother and begat you? (Socrates 50d, 2012). Athens instructed Socrates father to get him an education and make sure he was nurtured. Socrates cannot deny that he was brought up being properly educated and nurtured by Athens, therefore he cannot deny being an offspring and handmaid to it. Just like Socrates is on equal footing with his father, he must respect his superiors wishes. If his father scolded him or beat him, he would not do the akin in return to his father because he is superior. From birth Socrates was taught to obey the laws of Athens like his parents did.The laws of Athens should be respected just as much as one does their parent. Your parents teach you what is right and what is wrong, thus it is immoral to disrespect or treat your parents poorly as it is them that withstand invested in you and raised you into the person that you are. callable to the fact that Socrates is an apostle of reason he cannot go against his parents actions/wishes, he cannot do the same even to Athens because Athens is more sacred than your mother and father and it is to be revered. Even if one feels the sentence was unjust, they should not do anything in return, according to Socrates No Harm Principle. This principle is one of the two fundamental principles needed for a city to function properly. It states, One should never do wrong in return, nor do any man harm, no matter what he may have done to you, (Socrates 49c, 2012). The other fundamental principle is the Just-Agreement Principle which maintains that when one has come to an agreement that is just with someone, they should fulfill it and not cheat on it. By going Athens, Socrates will break the Just Agreement Principle and be doing harm which goes against both his principles. If no one obeyed these principles, the citizens would no longer obey the laws and the city would not exist. By remaining in Athens and accepting death Socrates shows he truly loves and respects Athens. In death one will receive stop but if one were to flee and attempt to destroy the laws which hold Athens together, they will be judged harshly and have a rough welcoming in Hades, according to Socrates.Thus, Socrates believed it was always wrong to disobey the laws. According to Socrates the only rational and reasonable way is to accept the punishment given by the law, regardless of what it is. The mark of having laws in place is to teach virtue to those who inhabit the city. The rules which are implemented in the laws act as an outline for how to behave. The laws direct behaviour, censure, and praise in such a way that ensures that the c itizens within the city will go after positive goals and partake in positive activities in order to keep the city secure. The fact that Socrates would rather stay in Athens and die rather than flee and love proves that he is an apostle of reason. I believe that by Socrates following through with his death sentence ordered by the Athenians, he proved that he is wise and he stood up for what he believes in. Socrates made a wise conclusiveness by refusing to escape and accept his death sentence. If Socrates would have decided to flee Athens to avoid his sentence he would not be an apostle of reason Socrates would not have been able to get his point across. I will also argue that by remaining in Athens rather than escaping it solidifies my argument that Socrates is also a religious fanatic. The gods placed him in Athens for a reason and Socrates fulfilled his service for the gods until his last breath.Work CitedPlato . A PLATO READER Eight intrinsic Dialogues Apology. Ed. C. D. C. Re eve. Indianapolis/Cambridge Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2012. 21-46. Print.Plato . A PLATO READER Eight Essential Dialogues Crito. Ed. C. D. C. Reeve. Indianapolis/Cambridge Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2012. 47-59. Print.

Rumors Essay -- essays research papers

Neil Simons farce, Rumors, gives readers an in-depth look at the lives of ten wealthy individuals attending a dinner party. In an attempt to retard within the social crown, the characters start unsubstantiated rumors about their friends in an attempt to make themselves look better. The hosts of the party, Ken Gorman, and his wife Chris must cover up the point that a friend of theirs, Charley Brock, has been shot in the ear lobe. They do not know how he got shot, but they decide that he must have well-tried to commit suicide, and thereby proceed to spread rumors about what they have heard in an attempt to avoid a possible attempted suicide scandal. They showtime lie to Charleys personal doctor, they lie about what happened to all of the servants, and they finally about a second gunshot heard in the post. When the Gormans first encounter Charley in his bedroom, they immediately call his personal doctor at the theater to tell him that Charley feels just fine. Chris relates the sto ry to the doctor when she says, "Dr. Dudley, Im afraid theres been an accident... Well, we just arrived here at Charleys house about ten minutes ago, and as we were getting out of our car, we suddenly heard this enormous... thud... It seemed Charley had tripped going up the stairs... no, wait, down the stairs. Down the stairs. But hes all right," (13). Finally, Chris manages to apologize to the doctor that Charley had not really hurt himself in the first place and that she felt sorry to have bo...